Deaths on April 11

Wade Hampton III, American general and politician, 77th Governor of South Carolina (b. 1818)

Wade Hampton III, born on March 28, 1818, and passing away on April 11, 1902, was a figure of considerable prominence and complexity in American history. His life unfolded during a pivotal era, marked by his service as a military officer for the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War, followed by a distinguished yet controversial career as a politician in his home state of South Carolina.

Early Life, Wealth, and Antebellum Influence

Hampton hailed from an extraordinarily wealthy and influential planter family, a lineage deeply woven into the fabric of South Carolina's agricultural prosperity. This heritage placed him squarely within the planter aristocracy that dominated the Southern economy and society. By the eve of the American Civil War, his vast landholdings and extensive enslaved labor force made him one of the largest slaveholders in the entire Southeast, a testament to his significant economic and social power. Beyond managing his sprawling estates, Hampton also actively participated in state politics, serving as a legislator in the South Carolina government where he represented the interests of his formidable class.

Military Service in the American Civil War

When the nation plunged into the American Civil War, Wade Hampton III readily offered his service to the Confederate cause. He quickly distinguished himself within the Confederate cavalry, demonstrating both courage and strategic acumen. His dedication and military prowess saw him rise steadily through the ranks, eventually achieving the distinguished position of lieutenant general. In this capacity, he commanded a corps, earning a reputation for bravery and tactical skill, particularly in the crucial Eastern Theater of the war.

The Era of Reconstruction and the Rise of the Redeemers

The conclusion of the Civil War ushered in the tumultuous period known as Reconstruction, an era during which the federal government sought to rebuild the war-torn South and integrate newly freed African Americans into society, granting them civil rights, including the right to vote. However, as federal troops began their gradual withdrawal from South Carolina towards the end of Reconstruction, a significant political shift occurred. Wade Hampton III emerged as a leading figure among a faction of Southern Democrats known as the "Redeemers." This group aimed to reclaim political control from the Republican Party and African American leaders, effectively "redeeming" the South from what they perceived as federal interference and policies promoting racial equality. Hampton became the undisputed leader of this movement, spearheading efforts to restore white political dominance in the state.

The Controversial Gubernatorial Campaign of 1876 and the Red Shirts

Hampton's campaign for the governorship in 1876 is indelibly marked as one of the most contentious and violent elections in South Carolina's history. His bid was notably bolstered by the actions of the "Red Shirts," a paramilitary organization openly affiliated with the Democratic Party. This group systematically employed intimidation, violence, and outright suppression to disrupt Republican political gatherings and to prevent African American citizens from exercising their newly gained right to vote. Through these aggressive tactics, which often included physical assaults and threats against Black and Republican voters, the Red Shirts significantly influenced the election's outcome. Despite widespread reports of violence and voter disenfranchisement, Hampton was ultimately elected Governor, serving from 1876 to 1879.

A National Political Figure

Following his tenure as Governor of South Carolina, Wade Hampton III continued his influential political career on the national stage. He was elected to the United States Senate, where he represented South Carolina for two consecutive terms, from 1879 to 1891. In this role, he brought his substantial influence to bear on national policy during a crucial period of post-Reconstruction adjustment and burgeoning industrialization, consistently advocating for Southern interests and the principles of the "Redemption" movement.

Legacy and Historical Context

Wade Hampton III remains a figure of profound and often debated historical significance in South Carolina and the broader American South. Remembered by some as a valiant Confederate general and a political savior who "redeemed" his state from Reconstruction-era policies, he is viewed by others as a symbol of white supremacy, whose ascent to power was undeniably facilitated by the violent suppression of African American civil rights during a critical juncture in American history. His life story encapsulates the deeply divided loyalties, complex socio-economic structures, and intense racial tensions that characterized the 19th-century American South.

Frequently Asked Questions About Wade Hampton III

Who was Wade Hampton III?

Wade Hampton III was a prominent American military officer for the Confederate States of America during the Civil War and a powerful politician from South Carolina, known for his role as a "Redeemer" leader post-Reconstruction.

What was his significance during the American Civil War?

He served as a cavalry officer for the Confederacy, rising to the rank of lieutenant general, and was known for his military leadership and tactical skills in various campaigns.

What were the "Redeemers" and the "Red Shirts"?

The "Redeemers" were a political faction of Southern Democrats who sought to end Reconstruction and restore white political dominance in the South. The "Red Shirts" were a paramilitary group associated with the Democratic Party in South Carolina during Hampton's 1876 gubernatorial campaign, known for using violence and intimidation to suppress African American and Republican voting.

Why is his political career considered controversial?

His rise to power, particularly his 1876 gubernatorial campaign, was heavily supported by the violent tactics of the Red Shirts, who actively suppressed the votes and civil rights of African Americans, leading to a contested legacy regarding his methods and the impact on racial equality.

What political offices did Wade Hampton III hold?

After serving as a state legislator before the war, he was elected Governor of South Carolina, serving from 1876 to 1879. Subsequently, he served two terms as a United States Senator from 1879 to 1891.