Frank Murphy, American jurist and politician, 56th United States Attorney General (d. 1949)

William Francis Murphy, born on April 13, 1890, and passing away on July 19, 1949, was a distinguished American Democratic politician and jurist hailing from Michigan whose extensive career spanned local, national, and international stages before culminating in service on the nation's highest court. His journey was marked by a series of significant appointments and elections, reflecting a broad commitment to public service and a legal acumen that would profoundly impact American law.

Early Life and Foundations of a Legal Mind

Murphy's roots were firmly planted in Michigan's picturesque "Thumb" region, a distinctive geographical area known for its agricultural landscapes and proximity to the Great Lakes. This upbringing provided the backdrop for his early education and eventual pursuit of law. He embarked on his legal studies at the prestigious University of Michigan Law School, graduating in 1914. His burgeoning legal career was momentarily paused by the outbreak of World War I, during which he honorably served in the United States Army. Upon his return, Murphy swiftly transitioned into the legal profession, gaining invaluable experience first as a federal attorney and later as a respected trial judge, laying the groundwork for his future judicial and political endeavors.

A Trajectory of Public Service: From Detroit to the Philippines

Murphy's political ascendancy began in the heart of Michigan. From 1930 to 1933, he served as the Mayor of Detroit, a challenging period marked by the profound economic hardships of the Great Depression. During his tenure, he navigated the city through immense unemployment and social strain, earning a reputation for compassionate leadership and effective governance. His demonstrated capabilities did not go unnoticed, leading to a pivotal international appointment. He accepted the role of Governor-General of the Philippine Islands, a critical position reflecting the United States' colonial administration. Murphy served as the last individual to hold this title, overseeing the transition of governance. Following this, he became the first High Commissioner of the Philippines, a role that signaled the impending independence of the archipelago and his continued involvement in preparing the nation for self-rule. This period in the Philippines was instrumental in shaping his perspective on human rights and international relations.

Return to Michigan and National Prominence

Returning to Michigan, Murphy re-entered state politics with considerable momentum. In 1936, he successfully challenged the incumbent Republican Governor, Frank Fitzgerald, in a hard-fought gubernatorial election, securing a single term as Governor of Michigan. During his governorship, Michigan, a hub of the booming automotive industry, was also a crucible for significant labor movements and social change. Despite his efforts, he was unable to secure re-election in 1938, losing to Fitzgerald in a closely watched rematch. Undeterred, Murphy's stature remained high, and the following year, his impressive resume and political experience led to his appointment as United States Attorney General, a key cabinet position responsible for enforcing federal laws and serving as the chief law enforcement officer of the U.S.

A Legacy on the Supreme Court of the United States

The pinnacle of William Francis Murphy's career arrived in 1940 when President Franklin D. Roosevelt nominated him to the Supreme Court of the United States. This appointment filled the vacancy left by the passing of Justice Pierce Butler and represented a significant moment in the Court's history, as Roosevelt continued to shape its ideological landscape. Justice Murphy served on the Court from 1940 until his death in 1949, leaving an indelible mark through his judicial philosophy and key opinions. Upon his passing, he was succeeded by Justice Tom C. Clark. Among his notable contributions, Murphy authored the Court's influential majority opinion in SEC v. W. J. Howey Co., a landmark case that established what is now known as the "Howey Test," defining what constitutes an "investment contract" for securities law purposes – a foundational principle still applied today. Perhaps even more famously, he penned a powerful and impassioned dissenting opinion in Korematsu v. United States. In this controversial 1944 decision, the Court upheld the constitutionality of the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. Murphy's dissent vehemently condemned the majority's decision, calling it a "legalization of racism" and a "tragic blunder," reflecting his unwavering commitment to civil liberties and individual rights even in times of national crisis.

Frequently Asked Questions About William Francis Murphy

What were William Francis Murphy's most significant political roles?
William Francis Murphy held numerous impactful roles, including Mayor of Detroit, the last Governor-General and first High Commissioner of the Philippine Islands, Governor of Michigan, and United States Attorney General.
When was William Francis Murphy appointed to the Supreme Court?
He was appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States in 1940 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, serving until his death in 1949.
What is the significance of SEC v. W. J. Howey Co. in relation to Justice Murphy?
Justice Murphy wrote the Court's majority opinion in SEC v. W. J. Howey Co. This case established the "Howey Test," a crucial legal standard used to determine whether a transaction qualifies as an "investment contract" and is therefore subject to federal securities laws.
Why is his dissent in Korematsu v. United States particularly notable?
His dissenting opinion in Korematsu v. United States is highly significant because it strongly condemned the wartime internment of Japanese Americans, calling it a "legalization of racism" and a profound violation of civil liberties. It stands as a powerful statement against government overreach during times of crisis.
What was William Francis Murphy's connection to the Philippines?
Murphy served as the last Governor-General of the Philippine Islands, overseeing the transition from direct colonial rule, and subsequently became the first High Commissioner, a role instrumental in guiding the Philippines towards independence.