Fei Xiaotong, Chinese sociologist and academic (b. 1910)

Fei Xiaotong, also known by his earlier romanization Fei Hsiao-tung, (November 2, 1910 – April 24, 2005) was an eminent Chinese sociologist and anthropologist whose profound intellectual contributions significantly shaped the understanding of Chinese society, both domestically and internationally. A truly pioneering figure, his extensive research and insightful academic work laid the foundational bedrock for the disciplines of sociology and anthropology in modern China, revitalizing fields that had faced considerable challenges during tumultuous periods.

A Scholar's Journey and Groundbreaking Work

Born in the early 20th century, a period of immense change for China, Fei Xiaotong's academic journey began with a rigorous education that included studying under renowned anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski at the London School of Economics in the 1930s. This international exposure deeply influenced his methodological approach, emphasizing empirical fieldwork and holistic analysis. Upon his return to China, alongside a dedicated cohort of colleagues, Fei embarked on the ambitious endeavor of establishing a distinct Chinese sociology. Their efforts were instrumental in creating a framework for the systematic study of Chinese society, adapting Western theoretical models to the unique cultural and historical contexts of China.

His most celebrated contributions include his seminal work, Xiangtu Zhongguo (often translated as "Rural China" or "From the Soil"), published in 1947. In this book, Fei meticulously analyzed the social structure, family systems, and community dynamics of traditional Chinese rural life, introducing concepts like the "differential mode of association" (chaxugeju) to explain the unique interpersonal relationships and social networks prevalent in Chinese society. He also delved deeply into the study of China's diverse ethnic groups, conducting extensive fieldwork that provided invaluable insights into their cultures, economies, and social organization, thus fostering greater understanding and appreciation of China's multi-ethnic tapestry.

Advocacy and Enduring Legacy

Beyond his academic pursuits, Fei Xiaotong was also a dedicated social activist, deeply committed to rural development and social reform. His research was often driven by a desire to address practical problems and improve the lives of ordinary people, particularly farmers. Throughout his long career, which spanned several decades of significant political shifts in China, Fei remained a steadfast advocate for the advancement of social sciences and the application of sociological knowledge for societal betterment. Despite periods of political adversity when academic fields like sociology were suppressed, Fei's resilience and intellectual commitment ensured the eventual resurgence and continued growth of these disciplines.

His work was not only foundational for internal Chinese scholarship but also played a crucial role in introducing the complex social and cultural phenomena of China to the international academic community. Through his publications and engagements, he facilitated a deeper global understanding of Chinese society, bridging cultural divides and fostering cross-cultural dialogue. In the later stages of his life, Fei Xiaotong returned to the academic forefront, holding the prestigious position of Professor of Sociology at Peking University until his passing in 2005. His legacy endures through generations of scholars he inspired and the profound body of work that continues to inform contemporary studies of Chinese society.

Frequently Asked Questions about Fei Xiaotong

Who was Fei Xiaotong?
Fei Xiaotong was a highly influential Chinese anthropologist and sociologist, recognized as a pioneering figure in establishing and developing these disciplines in modern China.
What were his most significant contributions to sociology and anthropology?
His primary contributions include laying the theoretical and methodological foundations for sociological and anthropological studies in China, particularly through his empirical research on rural Chinese society and ethnic groups. His book Xiangtu Zhongguo (Rural China) is considered a landmark work.
What is the "differential mode of association" (chaxugeju) concept?
This is a key concept introduced by Fei Xiaotong to describe the concentric, ripple-like pattern of social relationships in Chinese society, where an individual's connections become weaker the further they are from the individual, much like ripples in water emanating from a stone.
Did he only focus on Chinese society?
While his primary focus was indeed Chinese society, his work introduced its unique social and cultural phenomena to a global audience, making his insights relevant internationally.
Where did Fei Xiaotong receive his education?
He studied at Yenching University, Tsinghua University, and notably, the London School of Economics, where he was mentored by Bronislaw Malinowski.
What was his last academic position?
Before his passing in 2005, Fei Xiaotong held the esteemed position of Professor of Sociology at Peking University.
Was he involved in social activism?
Yes, alongside his academic work, Fei Xiaotong was also known as a social activist, particularly interested in rural development and social reform.