Mikhail Kutuzov, Russian field marshal (b. 1745)

Prince Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov, born on September 16, 1745 (September 5 according to the Old Style Julian calendar then in use) and passing away on April 28, 1813 (April 16 Old Style), stands as one of the most revered figures in Russian military history. This distinguished Field Marshal of the Russian Empire dedicated his life to service, not just as a brilliant military officer but also as an astute diplomat, serving under the reigns of three formidable Romanov monarchs: Empress Catherine II, Emperor Paul I, and Emperor Alexander I.

Kutuzov's career was marked by extraordinary resilience and strategic acumen. His early military experiences, particularly during the grueling Russo-Turkish Wars, forged his legendary toughness. Remarkably, he survived being shot in the head not once, but twice, first in 1774 near Alushta in Crimea, and again in 1788 at Ochakov. On both occasions, the injuries were considered fatal, yet he recovered, seemingly defying all medical odds. These near-miraculous survivals not only cemented his reputation as a soldier of unparalleled fortitude but also contributed to a mystique that would follow him throughout his career.

The Zenith of His Career: The Patriotic War of 1812

However, it was in 1812 that Mikhail Kutuzov truly etched his name into the annals of history. With Napoleon Bonaparte's seemingly invincible Grande Armée invading Russia, threatening the very heart of the empire, Kutuzov was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Russian forces. Facing an enemy of overwhelming strength, he adopted a masterful strategy of attrition warfare, famously known as the "scorched earth" tactic. This approach, while controversial at the time for its allowance of deep enemy penetration into Russian territory, ultimately proved to be Napoleon's undoing.

Kutuzov's strategic genius was evident in his decision to engage Napoleon's forces at the Battle of Borodino, a brutal and bloody clash that, while not a decisive Russian victory, significantly weakened the French. Following Borodino, he made the agonizing but strategically sound choice to abandon Moscow, allowing the Grande Armée to occupy a burning and largely deserted city. This deliberate sacrifice, combined with the relentless harassment of Russian partisans and the onset of the brutal Russian winter, decimated Napoleon's forces as they attempted to retreat. Kutuzov's campaign became a textbook example of how a weaker force could defeat a stronger one through strategic retreat, logistical disruption, and environmental factors, earning him the title of Prince of Smolensk for his pivotal role.

Legacy and Remembrance

His victory in the Patriotic War of 1812 not only saved Russia but also played a crucial role in the eventual downfall of Napoleon's empire across Europe. Emperor Alexander I himself eloquently acknowledged Kutuzov's immense contribution, stating that "Europe will remember him as one of the famous commanders and that Russia will never forget his worthiness." Kutuzov's legacy is not just one of military triumph, but also of profound national resilience and strategic foresight. He remains a national hero in Russia, a symbol of unwavering courage and cunning in the face of overwhelming adversity.

Frequently Asked Questions About Mikhail Kutuzov

Who was Prince Mikhail Kutuzov?
Prince Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov was a celebrated Field Marshal of the Russian Empire, renowned for his military leadership and diplomatic service under three Romanov monarchs, most notably for defeating Napoleon Bonaparte during the Patriotic War of 1812.
What was Kutuzov's most significant achievement?
His most significant achievement was leading the Russian forces to victory against Napoleon's Grande Armée during the Patriotic War of 1812, employing a brilliant strategy of attrition warfare and strategic retreat.
How did Kutuzov defeat Napoleon in 1812?
Kutuzov defeated Napoleon by adopting an attrition warfare strategy, which involved strategic retreat, utilizing the vastness of Russia and the harsh winter conditions, and engaging in key battles like Borodino while avoiding decisive, open-field confrontations that would risk his army.
Did Kutuzov sustain any notable injuries?
Yes, he was shot in the head twice—once in 1774 and again in 1788—while fighting against the Turks. Despite the severity of these injuries, he miraculously survived both times.
Which Russian monarchs did Kutuzov serve?
He served under Empress Catherine II (Catherine the Great), Emperor Paul I, and Emperor Alexander I, showcasing his longevity and adaptability as a military and diplomatic figure.
When and where did Mikhail Kutuzov die?
Mikhail Kutuzov passed away on April 28, 1813 (April 16 Old Style) in Bunzlau, Silesia (present-day Bolesławiec, Poland), while still commanding the Russian army during its pursuit of Napoleon's retreating forces.