Henri Guisan, Swiss general (b. 1874)

Henri Guisan (French pronunciation: [ɑ̃ʁi ɡizɑ̃]; 21 October 1874 – 7 April 1960) stands as a towering figure in Swiss history, primarily remembered for his pivotal leadership during the Second World War. As the appointed General of the Swiss Armed Forces, Guisan was entrusted with the monumental task of safeguarding Switzerland's neutrality and sovereignty against the looming threat of invasion by Nazi Germany.

The Appointment of a General

The rank of "General" in the Swiss military is exceptionally rare and symbolic, reserved only for times of profound national crisis. Unlike many nations where a general's rank is part of the standard hierarchical progression, Switzerland activates this position only when its existence is directly imperiled, signifying a unified command under a single leader. Henri Guisan was the fourth and, to this day, the most recent individual to be appointed to this extraordinary office. His selection underscored the gravity of the situation in 1940 and the immense trust placed in his capabilities to steer the nation through its darkest hour.

Guiding Switzerland Through WWII

As much of Europe succumbed to the Axis powers, Switzerland, a small, landlocked nation, found itself entirely surrounded by hostile or occupied territories. The threat of invasion, particularly after the fall of France in 1940, was palpable and immediate. It was in this precarious environment that General Guisan's leadership truly shone. His primary and most celebrated achievement was the effective mobilization of not just the Swiss Armed Forces, but the entire Swiss populace, preparing them for an unwavering resistance against any potential aggressor.

Guisan's strategy was multifaceted, focusing on national unity, military readiness, and a formidable defense plan known as the "Réduit National" or National Redoubt. This innovative defense concept involved retreating military forces and essential supplies into a heavily fortified central alpine region, turning the mountains into an impregnable fortress. The idea was to deter an invasion by making the cost of occupation prohibitively high, demonstrating that Switzerland would fight fiercely for every inch of its territory.

Rallying the Nation: The Rütli Oath

One of Guisan's most iconic moments came on 25 July 1940, when he summoned the entire Swiss officer corps (about 650 high-ranking officers) to the Rütli meadow, a site steeped in Swiss history and considered the birthplace of the Swiss Confederation. There, against the backdrop of Lake Lucerne, Guisan delivered a powerful speech, reminding them of their sacred duty to defend the nation's independence at all costs. This solemn gathering, often referred to as the "Rütli Rapport," served as a profound symbol of national resolve, bolstering morale and solidifying the collective will to resist, no matter the odds. It cemented his reputation as perhaps Switzerland's most famous soldier.

Legacy and Recognition

General Henri Guisan successfully navigated Switzerland through the Second World War without a direct invasion, a testament to his strategic genius and the unified resolve of the Swiss people. His leadership not only preserved Swiss neutrality but also fostered a deep sense of national identity and resilience. Decades after the war, his enduring impact was reaffirmed when, in a 2010 public poll, Guisan was voted the fourth-greatest Swiss figure of all time, a testament to his lasting place in the nation's collective memory as a protector and an inspirer.

Frequently Asked Questions About Henri Guisan

What was Henri Guisan's primary role during World War II?
Henri Guisan served as the General of the Swiss Armed Forces during World War II, tasked with mobilizing the military and the nation to deter and resist a potential invasion by Nazi Germany, thereby preserving Switzerland's neutrality and sovereignty.
Why is the rank of "General" rarely used in Switzerland?
The rank of General in Switzerland is unique; it is not a standard military rank but rather an extraordinary appointment made only by the Federal Assembly during times of extreme national danger or war, when the country requires a single supreme commander. Guisan was the fourth and most recent to hold this title.
What was the "Réduit National" (National Redoubt) strategy?
The Réduit National was General Guisan's strategic defense plan. It involved preparing the Swiss army to withdraw into a heavily fortified, central alpine stronghold, equipped with defensive installations, supplies, and infrastructure. The aim was to make any occupation of Switzerland so costly and difficult that it would deter an invading force.
How did General Guisan inspire the Swiss people during the war?
Guisan fostered national unity and morale through strong leadership and symbolic gestures, most famously the "Rütli Rapport" of 1940. At this historic meeting, he rallied the entire officer corps, reaffirming Switzerland's unwavering commitment to defend its independence, which resonated deeply with the populace.
What is Henri Guisan's lasting legacy?
Guisan's legacy is that of a national hero who successfully guided Switzerland through one of its most perilous periods without succumbing to foreign invasion. He symbolizes Swiss resolve, self-defense, and neutrality, and remains a revered figure in Swiss history, recognized for uniting and safeguarding his country.