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July 25 in History

Historical Events on July 25

306

Constantine I is proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops.
315

The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge.
864

The Edict of Pistres of Charles the Bald orders defensive measures against the Vikings.
1137

Eleanor of Aquitaine married Prince Louis, later King Louis VII of France, at the Cathedral of Saint-André in Bordeaux.
1139

Battle of Ourique: The Almoravids, led by Ali ibn Yusuf, are defeated by Prince Afonso Henriques who is proclaimed King of Portugal.
1261

The city of Constantinople is recaptured by Nicaean forces under the command of Alexios Strategopoulos, re-establishing the Byzantine Empire.
1278

The naval Battle of Algeciras takes place in the context of the Spanish Reconquista resulting in a victory for the Emirate of Granada and the Maranid Dynasty over the Kingdom of Castile.
1467

The Battle of Molinella: The first battle in Italy in which firearms are used extensively.
1536

Sebastián de Belalcázar on his search of El Dorado founds the city of Santiago de Cali.
1538

The city of Guayaquil is founded by the Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Orellana and given the name Muy Noble y Muy Leal Ciudad de Santiago de Guayaquil.
1547

Henry II of France is crowned.
1554

Mary I marries Philip II of Spain at Winchester Cathedral.
1567

Don Diego de Losada founds the city of Santiago de Leon de Caracas, modern-day Caracas, the capital city of Venezuela.
1593

Henry IV of France publicly converts from Protestantism to Roman Catholicism.
1603

James VI of Scotland is crowned king of England (James I of England), bringing the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland into personal union. Political union would occur in 1707.
1609

The English ship Sea Venture, en route to Virginia, is deliberately driven ashore during a storm at Bermuda to prevent its sinking; the survivors go on to found a new colony there.
1693

Ignacio de Maya founds the Real Santiago de las Sabinas, now known as Sabinas Hidalgo, Nuevo León, Mexico.
1722

Dummer's War begins along the Maine-Massachusetts border.
1755

British governor Charles Lawrence and the Nova Scotia Council order the deportation of the Acadians.
1759

French and Indian War: In Western New York, British forces capture Fort Niagara from the French, who subsequently abandon Fort Rouillé.
1783

American Revolutionary War: The war's last action, the Siege of Cuddalore, is ended by a preliminary peace agreement.
1788

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart completes his Symphony No. 40 in G minor (K550).
1792

The Brunswick Manifesto is issued to the population of Paris promising vengeance if the French royal family is harmed.
1797

Horatio Nelson loses more than 300 men and his right arm during the failed conquest attempt of Tenerife (Spain).
1799

At Abu Qir in Egypt, Napoleon I of France defeats 10,000 Ottomans under Mustafa Pasha.
1814

War of 1812: An American attack on Canada is repulsed.
1824

Costa Rica annexes Guanacaste from Nicaragua.
1837

The first commercial use of an electrical telegraph is successfully demonstrated in London by William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone.
1853

Joaquin Murrieta, the famous Californio bandit known as the "Robin Hood of El Dorado", is killed.
1861

American Civil War: The United States Congress passes the Crittenden-Johnson Resolution, stating that the war is being fought to preserve the Union and not to end slavery.
1866

The United States Congress passes legislation authorizing the rank of General of the Army. Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant becomes the first to be promoted to this rank.
1868

Wyoming becomes a United States territory.
1869

The Japanese daimyōs begin returning their land holdings to the emperor as part of the Meiji Restoration reforms. (Traditional Japanese Date: June 17, 1869).
1894

The First Sino-Japanese War begins when the Japanese fire upon a Chinese warship.
1898

In the Puerto Rican Campaign, the United States seizes Puerto Rico from Spain.
1908

Ajinomoto is founded. Kikunae Ikeda of the Tokyo Imperial University discovers that a key ingredient in kombu soup stock is monosodium glutamate (MSG), and patents a process for manufacturing it.
1909

Louis Blériot makes the first flight across the English Channel in a heavier-than-air machine from (Calais to Dover, England, United Kingdom) in 37 minutes.
1915

RFC Captain Lanoe Hawker becomes the first British pursuit aviator to earn the Victoria Cross.
1917

Sir Robert Borden introduces the first income tax in Canada as a "temporary" measure (lowest bracket is 4% and highest is 25%).
1925

Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) is established.
1934

The Nazis assassinate Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss in a failed coup attempt.
1940

General Henri Guisan orders the Swiss Army to resist German invasion and makes surrender illegal.
1942

The Norwegian Manifesto calls for nonviolent resistance to the German occupation.
1943

World War II: Benito Mussolini is forced out of office by the Grand Council of Fascism and is replaced by Pietro Badoglio.
1944

World War II: Operation Spring is one of the bloodiest days for the First Canadian Army during the war.
1946

Operation Crossroads: An atomic bomb is detonated underwater in the lagoon of Bikini Atoll.
1956

Forty-five miles south of Nantucket Island, the Italian ocean liner SS Andrea Doria collides with the MS Stockholm in heavy fog and sinks the next day, killing 51.
1957

The Republic of Tunisia is proclaimed.
1958

The African Regroupment Party (PRA) holds its first congress in Cotonou.
1961

In a speech John F. Kennedy emphasizes that any attack on Berlin is an attack on NATO.
1965

Bob Dylan goes electric at the Newport Folk Festival, signaling a major change in folk and rock music.
1969

Vietnam War: U.S. President Richard Nixon declares the Nixon Doctrine, stating that the United States now expects its Asian allies to take care of their own military defense. This is the start of the "Vietnamization" of the war.
1973

Soviet Mars 5 space probe is launched.
1976

Viking program: Viking 1 takes the famous Face on Mars photo.
1978

Puerto Rican police shoot two nationalists in the Cerro Maravilla murders.
1978

Birth of Louise Joy Brown, the first human to have been born after conception by in vitro fertilisation, or IVF.
1979

Another section of the Sinai Peninsula is peacefully returned by Israel to Egypt.
1983

Black July: Thirty-seven Tamil political prisoners at the Welikada high security prison in Colombo are massacred by the fellow Sinhalese prisoners.
1984

Salyut 7 cosmonaut Svetlana Savitskaya becomes the first woman to perform a space walk.
1993

Israel launches a massive attack against Lebanon in what the Israelis call Operation Accountability, and the Lebanese call the Seven-Day War.
1993

The Saint James Church massacre occurs in Kenilworth, Cape Town, South Africa.
1994

Israel and Jordan sign the Washington Declaration, that formally ends the state of war that had existed between the nations since 1948.
1995

A gas bottle explodes in Saint Michel station of line B of the RER (Paris regional train network). Eight are killed and 80 wounded.
1996

In a military coup in Burundi, Pierre Buyoya deposes Sylvestre Ntibantunganya.
2000

Concorde Air France Flight 4590 crashes at Paris Charles de Gaulle airport, killing 113 passengers.
2007

Pratibha Patil is sworn in as India's first female president.
2010

WikiLeaks publishes classified documents about the War in Afghanistan, one of the largest leaks in U.S. military history.

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