Walter de Stapledon, English bishop and politician, Lord High Treasurer (d. 1326)

Walter de Stapledon: A Premier Figure in Medieval England

Walter de Stapledon, also known as Walter Stapeldon, was a highly influential and multifaceted figure in 14th-century England. Born on 1 February 1261, his life spanned a period of significant political and social upheaval. He is primarily remembered for his distinguished ecclesiastical career as Bishop of Exeter, serving from 1308 until his death, and for his crucial, albeit challenging, roles as Lord High Treasurer of England.

Ecclesiastical and Political Acumen

As Bishop of Exeter for nearly two decades (1308–1326), Walter de Stapledon wielded considerable spiritual authority and administrative power within his vast diocese, which encompassed Devon and Cornwall. Bishops in medieval England were not only spiritual leaders but also significant landowners, judges, and advisors to the Crown, playing vital roles in both local and national governance.

Beyond his episcopal duties, Stapledon twice held the demanding office of Lord High Treasurer of England. His first appointment was in 1320, followed by a second term in 1322. The Lord High Treasurer was the chief financial officer of the kingdom, responsible for managing royal revenues, overseeing the Exchequer, and ensuring the Crown's financial stability. These periods were particularly volatile, coinciding with the turbulent reign of King Edward II and the ongoing political struggles that ultimately led to the king's deposition. Stapledon's service in this demanding role underscores his reputation for administrative capability and his deep loyalty to the monarch.

Enduring Legacy in Education and Architecture

One of Walter de Stapledon's most enduring contributions is the foundation of Exeter College, Oxford. Established in 1314, originally known as Stapeldon Hall, this institution was designed to provide a formal education for clerks from his diocese of Exeter. This act highlights his profound commitment to learning and the advancement of scholarship, solidifying his place as a significant patron of education during a pivotal era for universities.

His generosity also extended to the spiritual heart of his diocese. Walter de Stapledon contributed liberally to the ambitious rebuilding of Exeter Cathedral. His substantial financial support and oversight were instrumental in the construction of the cathedral's magnificent nave, renowned for its distinctive Decorated Gothic style. This architectural masterpiece stands today as a testament to his vision and patronage, showcasing the intricate vaulting and elaborate carvings characteristic of the period.

A Monument and a Tragic End

Within Exeter Cathedral, the tomb and monument of Walter de Stapledon survive as a remarkable example of medieval funerary art. Of great architectural importance, this effigy and accompanying structure serve as a tangible link to his historical presence and the artistic sophistication of his time. It remains a significant pilgrimage site for those interested in medieval history and art.

Tragically, Walter de Stapledon's life came to an abrupt and violent end on 14 October 1326. He was killed by an angry mob during the London uprising, a period of intense political turmoil ignited by the invasion of Queen Isabella and Roger Mortimer against King Edward II and his favored minister, Hugh Despenser the Younger. As a staunch loyalist to Edward II and a key figure in the government, Stapledon was targeted during the widespread unrest. He was captured near the Tower of London, brought before a crowd in Cheapside, and summarily beheaded without trial. His body was initially buried in a churchyard without ceremony, but it was later recovered and honorably interred within his beloved Exeter Cathedral, securing his final resting place amidst his greatest architectural legacy.

Frequently Asked Questions about Walter de Stapledon

When was Walter de Stapledon born and when did he die?
Walter de Stapledon was born on 1 February 1261 and died tragically on 14 October 1326.
What were Walter de Stapledon's main historical roles?
He served as the Bishop of Exeter from 1308 to 1326 and twice as the Lord High Treasurer of England, in 1320 and 1322.
What significant institution did Walter de Stapledon found?
Walter de Stapledon founded Exeter College, Oxford, in 1314, initially known as Stapeldon Hall.
How did Walter de Stapledon die?
He was killed by a mob during the London uprising in 1326, which occurred amidst the political unrest leading to the deposition of King Edward II. He was loyal to the king and was beheaded by the insurgent forces.
Where is Walter de Stapledon buried?
His tomb and monument, of significant architectural importance, are located within Exeter Cathedral, a building to which he contributed liberally during its rebuilding.