Events on February 12 in history

NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft touches down in the "saddle" region of 433 Eros, becoming the first spacecraft to land on an asteroid.

NEAR Shoemaker: A Pioneering Mission to Asteroid Eros

The Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous – Shoemaker (NEAR Shoemaker) probe stands as a landmark achievement in planetary exploration, being the first spacecraft ever to successfully orbit and then softly land on an asteroid. Originally launched in 1996 as "NEAR," it was posthumously renamed in honor of the distinguished American planetary scientist Eugene Shoemaker. Dr. Shoemaker, a co-discoverer of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, was a visionary figure renowned for his foundational contributions to the field of astrogeology, particularly his extensive work on impact craters and his strong advocacy for lunar and planetary science missions. Designed by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) for NASA, NEAR Shoemaker's primary mission was to conduct an unprecedented, year-long, close-up study of the near-Earth asteroid 433 Eros.

Historical Milestones: Orbiting and Landing on an Asteroid

The NEAR Shoemaker mission embarked on its ambitious journey to investigate 433 Eros, a large S-type near-Earth asteroid approximately 34 kilometers (21 miles) long, which orbits the Sun within Earth's vicinity. In a monumental achievement for space exploration, the probe successfully entered orbit around Eros in February 2000. This marked the very first time a spacecraft had ever achieved orbit around an asteroid, showcasing remarkable precision and engineering prowess. For over a year, NEAR Shoemaker meticulously orbited the asteroid, collecting invaluable scientific data. The mission culminated in another historic first on February 12, 2001, when, as an extended mission objective, the spacecraft performed a controlled, soft touchdown onto the surface of Eros. This daring maneuver, originally unplanned for, demonstrated the probe's robust capabilities and allowed for an even closer examination of the asteroid's surface. Communication with NEAR Shoemaker continued for just over two weeks after the landing, providing additional data before the mission was ultimately terminated.

Unveiling the Secrets of Eros: Primary Scientific Objectives

The core purpose of the NEAR Shoemaker mission was to acquire comprehensive data on the intrinsic characteristics of Eros. These primary scientific objectives aimed to:

• Bulk Properties: Determine the overall density, porosity, and internal structure of the asteroid, offering insights into its formation and evolution.
• Composition and Mineralogy: Analyze the elemental and mineralogical makeup of Eros, which helps to classify the asteroid type and understand the materials present during the early Solar System.
• Morphology: Map and characterize the asteroid's irregular shape, surface features, craters, ridges, and boulders, providing clues about its geological history and processes like regolith development and impact events.
• Internal Mass Distribution: Accurately measure the distribution of mass within Eros, which indicates whether the asteroid is a monolithic body, a rubble pile, or has differentiated layers.
• Magnetic Field: Detect the presence or absence of a magnetic field, offering crucial information about Eros's formation temperature and whether it ever experienced differentiation and a molten core, or if it is a primitive, undifferentiated body.

Deeper Insights: Secondary Scientific Objectives

Beyond its primary goals, NEAR Shoemaker also pursued several secondary objectives designed to provide an even richer understanding of asteroids and their interactions with the space environment:

• Regolith Properties: Investigate the characteristics of the asteroid's regolith, the loose, fragmented surface material generated by impacts, including its thickness, particle size, and cohesion.
• Interactions with Solar Wind: Study how Eros's surface materials interact with the constant stream of charged particles from the Sun (solar wind), a process known as space weathering, which alters the asteroid's spectral properties over time.
• Possible Current Activity: Search for any evidence of active processes such as outgassing, or the presence of dust or gas plumes, which could indicate volatile materials or cometary-like activity.
• Asteroid Spin State: Precisely measure the rotation rate, pole orientation, and rotational dynamics of Eros, which influences its shape and the distribution of surface features, and provides data relevant to the Yarkovsky-O'Keefe-Radzievskii-Paddack (YORP) effect.

Broader Implications: Understanding Asteroids and the Early Solar System

The extensive data gathered by NEAR Shoemaker serves as a cornerstone for unraveling the mysteries of asteroids in general. By studying Eros, scientists aimed to better understand their relationship to meteoroids, which are often fragments of asteroids, and comets, with which asteroids share some compositional similarities, yet distinct evolutionary paths. This knowledge is paramount for reconstructing the conditions and processes prevalent during the early formation of our Solar System, approximately 4.5 billion years ago. Asteroids like Eros are often considered pristine remnants of the protoplanetary disk, offering a direct window into the building blocks of planets.

Cutting-Edge Instrumentation for Unparalleled Data Collection

To successfully achieve its ambitious scientific objectives, NEAR Shoemaker was equipped with a sophisticated suite of instruments, meticulously chosen to provide a comprehensive analysis of Eros:

• X-ray/Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (XGRS): This instrument was designed to determine the elemental composition of the asteroid's surface by detecting X-rays and gamma rays emitted after interaction with solar energetic particles and cosmic rays.
• Near-Infrared Imaging Spectrograph (NIS): Used to map the mineralogical composition of the surface, identifying various rock-forming minerals based on their unique spectral signatures in the near-infrared light.
• Multi-Spectral Imager (MSI): A high-resolution camera fitted with a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) imaging detector, capable of capturing detailed images across multiple wavelengths to study surface morphology, topography, and color variations.
• NEAR Laser Rangefinder (NLR): Employed to create precise topographic maps of Eros by measuring the time it took for laser pulses to travel to and from the asteroid's surface, providing crucial data on its shape and altimetry.
• Magnetometer (MAG): Designed to detect and measure any intrinsic magnetic field of Eros, which would provide significant clues about its formation and thermal history.
• Radio Science Experiment: This experiment utilized the spacecraft's radio tracking system to precisely measure minute changes in NEAR Shoemaker's trajectory caused by Eros's gravitational pull. By analyzing these subtle variations, scientists were able to accurately determine the asteroid's mass, density, and internal mass distribution.

Collectively, these powerful instruments weighed a compact 56 kilograms (123 pounds) and required an efficient 80 watts of power, a testament to the advanced engineering that enabled such a complex mission on a relatively small spacecraft platform.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about NEAR Shoemaker

What was the NEAR Shoemaker mission?

The NEAR Shoemaker mission was a pioneering robotic space probe launched by NASA in 1996, designed and built by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL). Its primary goal was to conduct an in-depth study of the near-Earth asteroid 433 Eros from close orbit for over a year, culminating in an unprecedented soft landing on its surface.

Who was Eugene Shoemaker, and why was the probe renamed after him?

Eugene Shoemaker was a renowned American planetary scientist, celebrated for his significant contributions to astrogeology, including his work on impact cratering and his co-discovery of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9. The probe was posthumously renamed in his honor in 1996 to recognize his profound influence on the field and his advocacy for missions like NEAR.

What significant "firsts" did NEAR Shoemaker achieve?

NEAR Shoemaker holds the distinction of being the first spacecraft to successfully orbit an asteroid (February 2000) and also the first to achieve a controlled, soft landing on an asteroid (February 12, 2001). These achievements opened new frontiers in robotic space exploration.

What were the primary scientific goals of studying Eros?

The mission's primary scientific objectives were to gather detailed data on Eros's bulk properties (density, porosity), chemical composition, mineralogy, morphology (shape and surface features), internal mass distribution, and to determine if it possessed a magnetic field. This comprehensive study aimed to characterize Eros in unprecedented detail.

How did NEAR Shoemaker contribute to our understanding of the Solar System?

By providing detailed data on Eros, NEAR Shoemaker significantly advanced our understanding of asteroids, their classification, their relationship to meteoroids and comets, and their role as remnants from the early Solar System. The data helps scientists reconstruct the conditions and processes that led to planet formation approximately 4.5 billion years ago.