Saitō Makoto, Japanese admiral and politician, 30th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1858)

Viscount Saitō Makoto, GCB (斎藤 実, born October 27, 1858, in Mizusawa, Mutsu Province, Japan, and tragically deceased on February 26, 1936), was a towering figure in early 20th-century Japanese history, seamlessly transitioning between distinguished naval service and high-stakes political leadership. His career spanned pivotal moments for the Empire of Japan, marked by rapid ascent through military ranks and critical governmental roles.

Saitō began his illustrious career in the Imperial Japanese Navy, demonstrating exceptional capability from the outset. He notably distinguished himself during the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895), where his command of two cruisers earned him considerable recognition. This early success propelled him swiftly through the naval hierarchy, leading to his promotion to the rank of rear admiral by the turn of the century in 1900. His strategic acumen and leadership were further acknowledged during the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), a conflict that dramatically reshaped the balance of power in East Asia, when he was elevated to vice admiral.

A Decisive Figure in Naval and Colonial Administration

Following his distinguished naval career, Saitō Makoto transitioned into political service, where he would leave an indelible mark. From 1906 to 1914, he served with distinction as the Minister of the Navy, a crucial period during which Japan continued to modernize and expand its naval capabilities. This lengthy tenure showcased his administrative prowess and deep understanding of maritime strategy.

However, it was his subsequent role as Governor-General of Korea that truly defined a significant, and often controversial, chapter of his public life. He first held this powerful position from 1919 to 1927, overseeing Japan's colonial administration of Korea following the March 1st Movement, a widespread nonviolent protest against Japanese rule. Saitō adopted a policy of "cultural rule," which, while superficially appearing more lenient than previous military rule, still maintained tight Japanese control and aimed at assimilation. He returned to this demanding post for a second term from 1929 to 1931, navigating the complexities of colonial governance during a period of rising nationalism and international scrutiny.

Prime Minister and Tragic End

In the tumultuous political climate of 1930s Japan, Saitō was called upon to lead the nation during a profound crisis. Following the assassination of Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi in May 1932 during the May 15 Incident, Saitō Makoto stepped into the breach, taking office as Prime Minister of Japan. His government, a "national unity" cabinet composed of various factions, sought to stabilize the country amidst growing militarism and economic hardship. He served one challenging term, grappling with internal political divisions, the ongoing military expansion in Manchuria, and the global Great Depression's impact on Japan. His premiership symbolized an attempt to maintain a degree of civilian control in an era increasingly dominated by military influence.

After his term as Prime Minister, Saitō returned to public service in February 1935, accepting the venerable position of Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal. This advisory role placed him close to Emperor Hirohito and signified his continued influence and respect within the Japanese establishment. Tragically, his life was cut short just a year later during the infamous February 26 Incident (Ni-ni-roku Jiken) in 1936. This attempted coup d'état by young, ultranationalist Imperial Japanese Army officers targeted prominent political figures they deemed corrupt or insufficiently loyal to the Emperor. Viscount Saitō was among those brutally assassinated in his home, a stark symbol of the deepening political violence and the military's growing unchecked power that would ultimately lead Japan down a path toward war.

Frequently Asked Questions about Viscount Saitō Makoto

Who was Viscount Saitō Makoto?
Viscount Saitō Makoto was a prominent Japanese naval officer and politician who held several critical roles, including Minister of the Navy, Governor-General of Korea, and Prime Minister of Japan, during the late Meiji, Taisho, and early Showa periods.
What were his key military achievements?
He distinguished himself during the First Sino-Japanese War and rose rapidly through the naval ranks, reaching rear admiral by 1900 and vice admiral during the Russo-Japanese War in 1904.
What was his role in Korea?
Saitō served two terms as Governor-General of Korea (1919-1927 and 1929-1931), where he implemented a policy of "cultural rule" following a period of stricter military governance.
When was he Prime Minister?
He served as Prime Minister of Japan from May 1932 to July 1934, forming a "national unity" cabinet after the assassination of his predecessor, Inukai Tsuyoshi.
How did Saitō Makoto die?
He was assassinated on February 26, 1936, during the February 26 Incident, an attempted military coup by ultranationalist army officers targeting leading government figures.
What was the significance of the February 26 Incident?
The February 26 Incident was a pivotal event in Japanese history that highlighted the escalating political violence and the growing influence of the military's ultranationalist factions, which eventually undermined civilian governance.