Alexander Stirling Calder, American sculptor and educator (d. 1945)
Alexander Stirling Calder (January 11, 1870 – January 7, 1945) was a highly influential American sculptor and esteemed teacher, best known for his monumental public works that adorn prominent locations across the United States and abroad. He played a crucial role in a distinguished lineage of sculptors, being the son of the accomplished Alexander Milne Calder and the father of the world-renowned kinetic sculptor, Alexander "Sandy" Calder.
Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Alexander Stirling Calder inherited a profound artistic sensibility from his father, Alexander Milne Calder, who himself was a notable sculptor, creator of the iconic William Penn statue atop Philadelphia's City Hall. Stirling Calder honed his craft through rigorous training, studying at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts under the tutelage of Thomas Eakins and later continuing his education in Paris at the prestigious Académie Julian and the École des Beaux-Arts. This comprehensive classical training provided the foundation for his expressive and often allegorical public sculptures.
Beyond his prolific sculptural output, Calder dedicated a significant portion of his career to art education. He served as an influential instructor at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, shaping the next generation of American sculptors. His teaching philosophy emphasized strong draughtsmanship and anatomical understanding, a testament to his own classical training.
Notable Public Sculptures and Their Significance
Alexander Stirling Calder's artistic legacy is most vividly preserved in his grand public commissions, which often combined allegorical figures with historical narratives. Among his most celebrated contributions are:
- George Washington as President (Washington Square Arch, New York City): This monumental limestone relief, completed in 1916, is one of two prominent panels adorning the south pier of the iconic Washington Square Arch in Greenwich Village. It depicts George Washington in his presidential role, flanked by allegorical figures of Wisdom and Justice, symbolizing the foundational principles of the nascent American republic. This work stands as a powerful tribute to Washington's leadership during the formative years of the United States.
- Swann Memorial Fountain (Logan Circle, Philadelphia): Dedicated in 1924, this elaborate bronze and marble fountain, officially known as the "Fountain of the Three Rivers," is a central masterpiece in Logan Circle, Philadelphia. Commissioned by Dr. Wilson Cary Swann, it symbolizes the three major waterways of Philadelphia – the Schuylkill River, the Delaware River, and the Wissahickon Creek – through dynamic, expressive figures. The fountain is renowned for its lively aquatic elements and its harmonious integration into the urban landscape, making it a beloved landmark.
- Leif Eriksson Memorial (Reykjavík, Iceland): Unveiled in 1932, this striking bronze statue commemorates the Norse explorer Leif Erikson, believed to be the first European to set foot on North American soil. The memorial was a gift from the United States to Iceland, recognizing the 1000th anniversary of the Althing (Icelandic Parliament) in 1930 and celebrating the historical ties between the two nations. Perched dramatically on a hill overlooking the city, the powerful figure of Eriksson, with his outstretched arm, gazes westward, symbolizing discovery and exploration.
A Multi-Generational Artistic Dynasty
Perhaps one of the most remarkable aspects of Alexander Stirling Calder's biography is his position within a rare three-generation dynasty of acclaimed sculptors. His father, Alexander Milne Calder, established the family's artistic reputation, while his son, Alexander "Sandy" Calder, would go on to achieve international fame for his pioneering kinetic sculptures and mobiles, fundamentally reshaping 20th-century art. This lineage underscores a profound commitment to artistic expression across different eras and styles, with Alexander Stirling Calder serving as a pivotal link between traditional monumental sculpture and the avant-garde.
Alexander Stirling Calder's dedication to his craft, his influential teaching, and his enduring public sculptures cemented his legacy as a significant figure in American art history. His works continue to inspire and resonate, contributing to the cultural fabric of the cities they inhabit.
Frequently Asked Questions About Alexander Stirling Calder
- Who was Alexander Stirling Calder?
- Alexander Stirling Calder (1870–1945) was a prominent American sculptor and art educator, widely recognized for his public monuments and his unique position within a three-generation family of sculptors.
- What are some of his most famous works?
- His most celebrated sculptures include the "George Washington as President" relief on the Washington Square Arch in New York City, the "Swann Memorial Fountain" (Fountain of the Three Rivers) in Philadelphia, and the "Leif Eriksson Memorial" in Reykjavík, Iceland.
- How is Alexander Stirling Calder related to other famous sculptors?
- He was the son of sculptor Alexander Milne Calder, known for the William Penn statue in Philadelphia, and the father of the internationally acclaimed kinetic sculptor Alexander "Sandy" Calder.
- Did Alexander Stirling Calder also teach?
- Yes, he was an influential teacher at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, where he imparted his classical training and artistic knowledge to future generations of sculptors.
- What was Alexander Stirling Calder's artistic style?
- Calder's style primarily aligned with the Beaux-Arts tradition, characterized by classical influences, allegorical themes, and a strong emphasis on anatomical accuracy and monumental scale, fitting for his public commissions.