Events on January 13 in history

The Treaty of Cahuenga ends the Mexican-American War in California.

The Treaty of Cahuenga: A Pivotal Agreement Ending Hostilities in California

The Treaty of Cahuenga, also known as the Capitulation of Cahuenga (Spanish: Tratado de Cahuenga or Capitulación de Cahuenga), was a significant military armistice signed in 1847 that effectively brought an end to the active fighting of the Conquest of California. This agreement established a crucial ceasefire between the Californios – the native-born residents of California, largely of Spanish or Mexican descent – and the American forces during the larger conflict of the Mexican-American War.

Signed on January 13, 1847, at the historic Campo de Cahuenga, located in the San Fernando Valley near present-day Universal City, this document marked the cessation of all hostilities within Alta California, which would soon become the U.S. state of California. The treaty was meticulously drafted in both English and Spanish by José Antonio Carrillo, a prominent Californio politician and landowner, ensuring clarity and mutual understanding across both parties. It was formally signed by Lieutenant Colonel John C. Frémont, representing the burgeoning American military presence, and Andrés Pico, the influential Californio general who led the Mexican forces in the region.

Key Provisions and Terms of the Cahuenga Agreement

The Treaty of Cahuenga outlined a series of specific terms designed to facilitate a peaceful transition and conclude the conflict in California with a degree of leniency, particularly for the Californio combatants. The key provisions included:

• Disarmament: The Californio forces were required to surrender their artillery and other military equipment, signifying the cessation of organized resistance.
• Prisoner Exchange: All prisoners of war from both sides were mandated for immediate release, promoting a swift return to normalcy for individuals captured during the intense fighting.
• Peaceful Return to Homes: Californios who pledged not to resume armed conflict during the ongoing Mexican-American War and committed to respecting the laws and regulations of the United States were permitted to return peaceably to their homes and ranchos. This provision was crucial for maintaining social order and preventing a prolonged insurgency.
• Guaranteed Rights: A significant clause granted Californios the same rights and privileges afforded to citizens of the United States. This was an exceptionally forward-looking provision for the era, designed to integrate the population rather than subjugate them.
• Deferred Oath of Allegiance: Californios were not compelled to take an immediate oath of allegiance to the United States. This obligation was deferred until a formal treaty of peace was signed between the United States and Mexico, respecting their interim status.
• Option to Depart: As a final concession, Californios were given the privilege to leave the country if they so desired, offering them a choice regarding their future under American rule.

These terms, while a capitulation, were considered remarkably generous at the time, helping to prevent further bloodshed and laying groundwork for the integration of California's population into the United States.

The Broader Context: From Cahuenga to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

While the Treaty of Cahuenga effectively ended military operations in California, it was an armistice, not a definitive peace treaty ending the entire Mexican-American War. That broader resolution came with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in February 1848.

• Formal Cession of Territory: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo formally concluded the Mexican-American War, with Mexico officially ceding vast territories to the United States. This included Alta California, along with what would become the states of Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, and parts of Colorado, Wyoming, Kansas, and Oklahoma.
• Border Demarcation: The treaty also definitively fixed the disputed border of Texas at the Rio Grande, a central point of contention that had fueled the war.
• Citizenship and Rights for Californios: Consistent with the spirit of the Treaty of Cahuenga, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo stipulated that Californios and other Mexican citizens residing in the ceded territories would become American citizens with full legal and voting rights, if they chose to remain.

Andrés Pico, the Californio general who signed the Cahuenga agreement, exemplified this transition. Like the vast majority of Californios, he chose to become an American citizen, fully embracing his new legal and civic responsibilities. His subsequent career in American politics is a testament to the potential for integration: he served as a State Assemblyman and later as a State Senator, representing Los Angeles in the newly formed California State Legislature. While Californios faced significant challenges regarding land rights, cultural preservation, and political influence in the ensuing decades, the Treaty of Cahuenga provided a relatively peaceful pathway for California's entry into the United States.

Frequently Asked Questions About the Treaty of Cahuenga

What was the primary purpose of the Treaty of Cahuenga?

The Treaty of Cahuenga served as a military armistice that effectively ended the active fighting and hostilities of the Conquest of California, leading to a ceasefire between Californio and American forces within Alta California during the Mexican-American War.

When and where was the Treaty of Cahuenga signed?

The treaty was signed on January 13, 1847, at the Campo de Cahuenga, a historic site located in the San Fernando Valley, in what is now modern-day Los Angeles County, California.

Who were the key signatories of the Treaty of Cahuenga?

The treaty was signed by Lieutenant Colonel John C. Frémont, representing the American forces, and General Andrés Pico, representing the Mexican forces (specifically, the Californios).

What were some of the main terms of the Treaty of Cahuenga for the Californios?

The Californios were required to surrender their artillery and promise not to take up arms again. In return, they were allowed to return to their homes, granted the same rights and privileges as U.S. citizens, were not compelled to take an immediate oath of allegiance, and had the option to leave the country if they wished.

How did the Treaty of Cahuenga relate to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

The Treaty of Cahuenga was a localized armistice for California, while the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (signed in 1848) was the comprehensive peace treaty that formally ended the entire Mexican-American War, where Mexico officially ceded California and other vast territories to the United States.