Maeda Toshiie, Japanese general (d. 1599)

Maeda Toshiie: A Pivotal Figure of Sengoku and Azuchi-Momoyama Japan

Maeda Toshiie (前田 利家), born on January 15, 1538, and passing on April 27, 1599, was an exceptionally influential samurai general who played a crucial role during the tumultuous Sengoku period and the subsequent Azuchi–Momoyama period of 16th-century Japan. His career spanned the service under two of Japan's "Great Unifiers," Oda Nobunaga and later Toyotomi Hideyoshi, marking him as a central figure in the reunification of the archipelago.

The "Spear Master" – Yari no Mataza

Renowned for his formidable combat skills, Maeda Toshiie's preferred weapon was the *yari*, or long spear. His mastery of this weapon earned him the distinctive epithet "Yari no Mataza" (槍の又左), directly translating to "Mataza of the Spear." This nickname was derived from his common name, Matazaemon (又左衛門), highlighting his personal prowess on the battlefield. As a young retainer, he distinguished himself with his ferocity and bravery, often fighting on the front lines, which quickly caught the eye of Oda Nobunaga.

Loyalty and Rise Under Oda Nobunaga

Toshiie began his career as a young page (koshō) to Oda Nobunaga and quickly ascended through the ranks due to his unwavering loyalty and military aptitude. He was part of Nobunaga's inner circle, often counted among the "Jūnishinshō" (十二神将) or "Twelve Generals," a group of highly trusted and capable commanders. His participation in key battles, such as the Battle of Okehazama (1560) and the Siege of Ichijōdani Castle (1573), solidified his reputation as a fearless and effective warrior, earning him significant landholdings and increased influence within Nobunaga's expanding domain.

Maeda Matsu: A Formidable Partner

Beyond his military exploits, Toshiie's personal life was also notable for his enduring partnership with Maeda Matsu (松), a highly intelligent and resourceful woman. Matsu was not merely a wife but a crucial supporter and political advisor to Toshiie, playing a significant role in the administration and stability of the Maeda clan's territories. Her wisdom and resilience were particularly vital during periods of political uncertainty and after Toshiie's death, ensuring the Maeda family's continued prosperity.

Political Influence and High Court Rank

Maeda Toshiie's influence extended far beyond the battlefield. The highest rank he received from the Imperial Court was that of Great Counselor, or *Dainagon* (大納言). This prestigious court position, typically held by high-ranking aristocrats, underscored his profound political standing and the trust placed in him by the central authority, first under Nobunaga and later by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. After Nobunaga's assassination at Honnō-ji in 1582, Toshiie deftly navigated the power vacuum, eventually allying with Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who succeeded Nobunaga as the de facto ruler of Japan. Under Hideyoshi, Toshiie rose even further, becoming one of the "Go-Tairō" (五大老), the Council of Five Elders, who were entrusted with governing Japan after Hideyoshi's death until his son Hideyori came of age. This made Toshiie one of the most powerful and respected figures in the land, a testament to his strategic acumen and enduring influence.

Enduring Legacy: The Kaga Domain

Maeda Toshiie's strategic foresight and his descendants' shrewd management led to the establishment of the Kaga Domain (加賀藩), one of the wealthiest and most influential feudal domains during the subsequent Edo period (1603-1868). Centered in what is now Ishikawa Prefecture, the Kaga Domain was famously known as "Kaga Hyakuman-goku" (加賀百万石), signifying its immense rice production capacity of one million *koku* (a unit of rice volume, equivalent to approximately 180 liters), which directly translated to its significant economic and political power. His legacy is deeply intertwined with the prosperity and cultural development of this region.

Frequently Asked Questions about Maeda Toshiie

When was Maeda Toshiie born and when did he die?
Maeda Toshiie was born on January 15, 1538, and passed away on April 27, 1599.
What was Maeda Toshiie best known for?
He was renowned as one of Oda Nobunaga's leading samurai generals, a master of the *yari* (spear), and later became one of Toyotomi Hideyoshi's most trusted advisors, serving as a member of the Council of Five Elders. He is also recognized for establishing the lineage that founded the prosperous Kaga Domain.
Why was he called "Yari no Mataza"?
He earned the nickname "Yari no Mataza" (Mataza of the Spear) due to his exceptional skill and preference for the *yari* (spear) in battle. "Matazaemon" was his common name.
Who was Maeda Matsu?
Maeda Matsu was Toshiie's intelligent and resilient wife, who played a crucial role in managing the Maeda clan's affairs and ensuring its stability, especially during politically volatile times.
What was the Dainagon rank?
The *Dainagon* (Great Counselor) was a high-ranking position in the Imperial Court of Japan, indicating significant political influence and status. It was the highest court rank Maeda Toshiie received, reflecting his importance in the central government.
What was the Kaga Domain?
The Kaga Domain was a powerful and wealthy feudal domain established by Maeda Toshiie's lineage in what is now Ishikawa Prefecture. It was famously known as "Kaga Hyakuman-goku" due to its immense agricultural productivity and economic strength during the Edo period.