Dziga Vertov, Polish-Russian director and screenwriter (d. 1954)
Dziga Vertov, born David Abelevich Kaufman (Russian: Дави́д А́белевич Ка́уфман) and also known as Denis Kaufman, was a profoundly influential Soviet film director, newsreel pioneer, and a pivotal cinema theorist. Born on January 2, 1896 (O.S. December 21, 1895), in Białystok (then part of the Russian Empire, now Poland), he adopted the pseudonym "Dziga Vertov," which roughly translates to "spinning top" or "spinning man," reflecting his dynamic and experimental approach to filmmaking. He passed away on February 12, 1954.
Pioneering Vision and Cinema Theory: The "Kino-Eye"
Vertov emerged as a leading figure in the early Soviet avant-garde movement, challenging traditional narrative cinema. He believed in the camera's ability to capture "life unawares" (жизнь врасплох), moving beyond staged performances to reveal a deeper, more objective truth. This philosophy, central to his concept of "Kino-Eye" (Kinoglaz), advocated for a new form of cinema that would be free from the constraints of theatrical conventions and literary plots. He envisioned the film camera as an extension of the human eye, capable of perceiving and recording reality more completely and truthfully than human perception alone.
The Kinoks Collective and Collaborative Genius
Vertov was a foundational member of the Kinoks collective (meaning "cinema-eyes"), a group of Soviet documentary filmmakers and theorists active in the 1920s. This collective, which included his highly skilled wife, Elizaveta Svilova (a brilliant film editor), and his brother, Mikhail Kaufman (an innovative cinematographer), promulgated manifestos that rejected fiction films and championed the "non-played" film, focusing on capturing reality directly. Svilova, in particular, was instrumental in shaping Vertov's films through her innovative editing techniques, often described as a rhythmic "montage of attractions" that gave his works their distinctive kinetic energy. Mikhail Kaufman, as his primary cameraman, brought to life Vertov's theoretical concepts with his agile and inventive camera work.
Man with a Movie Camera: A Landmark of World Cinema
Vertov's most celebrated work, Man with a Movie Camera (Человек с киноаппаратом, 1929), stands as a monumental achievement in cinematic history. This experimental silent documentary showcases a day in the life of a Soviet city – Moscow, Kyiv, and Odesa – from dawn till dusk, focusing on its industrial and social rhythms. Revolutionary for its time, the film features no actors, no narrative plot, and no intertitles (text cards often used in silent films). Instead, it relies on dazzling montage, multiple exposures, slow motion, freeze frames, jump cuts, and other innovative techniques to create a dynamic, self-reflexive portrait of urban life and the very act of filmmaking itself. Its profound influence was recognized in the prestigious 2012 Sight & Sound poll, where international film critics voted it the eighth-greatest film ever made, solidifying its place as a timeless masterpiece.
Enduring Legacy and Global Impact
Vertov's radical filming practices and theoretical contributions profoundly influenced subsequent generations of filmmakers worldwide:
- Cinéma Vérité: His pioneering approach to observational filmmaking, characterized by a direct, unmediated capture of reality with minimal intervention, laid the groundwork for the cinéma vérité style of documentary filmmaking that emerged in the 1950s and 60s. This style, often translated as "truthful cinema," sought to dissolve the barrier between filmmaker and subject, echoing Vertov's desire for unvarnished truth.
- The Dziga Vertov Group: His legacy also inspired the politically active Dziga Vertov Group, a radical film-making cooperative founded in France in 1968. Co-founded by the renowned French-Swiss director Jean-Luc Godard and Jean-Pierre Gorin, this collective produced experimental, politically charged films from 1968 to 1972, directly referencing Vertov's theoretical rigor and revolutionary spirit in their pursuit of counter-cinema.
A Family of Filmmakers
The Kaufman family left an indelible mark on cinema beyond Dziga Vertov himself. His younger brothers also became noted filmmakers:
- Mikhail Kaufman: As previously mentioned, he was a highly respected cinematographer and director, famously collaborating with Dziga Vertov on several key films, including Man with a Movie Camera.
- Boris Kaufman: Another younger brother, Boris Kaufman (1903–1980), achieved significant international recognition as a cinematographer. He famously worked with directors like Jean Vigo in France (e.g., L'Atalante, 1934) and later in Hollywood, where he won an Academy Award for Best Cinematography for Elia Kazan's On the Waterfront (1954), further cementing the family's cinematic legacy.
Frequently Asked Questions About Dziga Vertov
- Who was Dziga Vertov?
- Dziga Vertov was a pioneering Soviet documentary film and newsreel director, as well as an influential cinema theorist, active primarily from the 1920s to the 1950s. He is known for his experimental approach to filmmaking and his concept of "Kino-Eye."
- What is "Kino-Eye"?
- "Kino-Eye" (Kinoglaz) was Dziga Vertov's theoretical principle advocating for a film camera that could perceive and record reality more comprehensively and truthfully than the human eye, capturing "life unawares" without staged performances or fictional narratives.
- What is Man with a Movie Camera?
- Man with a Movie Camera (1929) is Vertov's most famous silent documentary film, renowned for its innovative use of cinematic techniques, lack of narrative or actors, and its self-reflexive exploration of urban life and the filmmaking process itself. It is widely considered one of the greatest films ever made.
- How did Dziga Vertov influence cinema?
- Vertov's theories and practices significantly influenced the cinéma vérité documentary style, which emphasizes direct observation and minimal intervention. His radical spirit also inspired later groups like the Dziga Vertov Group, co-founded by Jean-Luc Godard, who adopted his revolutionary approach to film.
- Were other members of Dziga Vertov's family involved in filmmaking?
- Yes, his wife, Elizaveta Svilova, was a brilliant editor and collaborator in the Kinoks collective. His younger brothers, Mikhail Kaufman and Boris Kaufman, were also distinguished cinematographers and filmmakers, with Boris Kaufman winning an Academy Award for his work.