Queen Emma of Hawaii (d. 1885)

Emma Kalanikaumakaʻamano Kaleleonālani Naʻea Rooke, a figure of immense historical significance in the Kingdom of Hawaii, was born on January 2, 1836, in Honolulu. She would later ascend to the prestigious role of Queen Consort, serving alongside her husband, King Kamehameha IV, from their marriage in 1856 until his premature death in 1863. Beyond her time as queen, Emma demonstrated a profound dedication to her people, later emerging as a prominent candidate for the Hawaiian throne, though King Kalākaua was ultimately elected.

Known affectionately as Queen Emma, her full name reflects her deep Hawaiian lineage and royal connections. Born to George Naʻea and Fanny Kekelaokalani Young, she was adopted at birth by her maternal aunt, Grace Kamaʻikuʻi Young Naʻea, and her husband, Dr. Thomas Charles Byde Rooke. This adoption provided her with an exceptional bicultural upbringing, blending traditional Hawaiian customs with a Western education, preparing her for a future role in a rapidly changing kingdom. Her marriage to Alexander Liholiho, who would become King Kamehameha IV, on June 19, 1856, marked a new era for the Hawaiian monarchy.

During her reign as Queen Consort, Emma was far more than a ceremonial figure; she was an active and compassionate leader deeply committed to the welfare of her people. Her dedication to improving public health and education was particularly notable. In 1859, she co-founded The Queen's Hospital in Honolulu with her husband, an institution that stands today as The Queen's Medical Center, a testament to her enduring vision for accessible healthcare for all Hawaiians. She was also a strong advocate for the Anglican Church in Hawaii, actively supporting its establishment and the construction of St. Andrew's Cathedral. The royal couple’s shared progressive vision aimed to uplift the Hawaiian populace through modern institutions and a spiritual foundation. Their only child, Prince Albert Edward Kauikeaouli Kaleiopapa a Kamehameha, born in 1858, was widely seen as the future of the Hawaiian dynasty, but his tragic death in 1862 deeply impacted the royal family and the nation, contributing to King Kamehameha IV's decline in health and subsequent death in 1863.

Following the death of King Kamehameha IV, and later, the childless demise of King Lunalilo in 1874, the Hawaiian throne became vacant, prompting a pivotal election by the legislative assembly. Queen Emma, beloved by many commoners and a champion of Hawaiian national identity, put forth her candidacy for the monarchy, campaigning against David Kalākaua. Her supporters, known as "Emmaites," strongly advocated for her, viewing her as a direct link to the Kamehameha dynasty and a symbol of traditional Hawaiian values. Despite her popular support, the legislative vote ultimately favored Kalākaua, who had significant backing from powerful American business interests. This outcome led to widespread disappointment and even civil unrest among Emma’s supporters, culminating in the Honolulu Courthouse riot of 1874, which had to be suppressed by British and American troops. Although she did not ascend to the throne again, Queen Emma continued her philanthropic work and remained a revered figure until her death on April 25, 1885.

Queen Emma's legacy extends far beyond her royal titles. She is remembered as a pioneering advocate for public health and education, a compassionate leader who tirelessly worked to improve the lives of Hawaiians, and a symbol of national pride. Her contributions, particularly The Queen's Hospital and St. Andrew's Priory School for Girls, continue to serve the Hawaiian community today, embodying her enduring spirit of service and aloha.

Frequently Asked Questions About Queen Emma of Hawaii

When was Queen Emma of Hawaii born and when did she die?
Queen Emma Kalanikaumakaʻamano Kaleleonālani Naʻea Rooke was born on January 2, 1836, and she passed away on April 25, 1885.
Who was Queen Emma married to?
She was the beloved wife of King Kamehameha IV (born Alexander Liholiho), whom she married in 1856.
What were Queen Emma's most notable contributions during her time as queen?
Queen Emma was a dedicated philanthropist and humanitarian. Her most significant contributions include co-founding The Queen's Hospital (now The Queen's Medical Center) in Honolulu in 1859 to provide modern healthcare, and advocating for education and the establishment of the Anglican Church in Hawaii, including St. Andrew's Priory School for Girls.
Why was Queen Emma a candidate for the throne after King Kamehameha IV's death?
Following the death of King Lunalilo, who succeeded Kamehameha V (King Kamehameha IV's brother) and died without naming an heir, the Hawaiian constitution required the legislative assembly to elect a new monarch. Queen Emma, as a beloved and highly respected member of the royal family with deep ties to the Kamehameha dynasty, presented herself as a strong candidate in 1874, seeking to continue the legacy of the monarchy.
Who was elected king instead of Queen Emma in 1874?
Despite considerable popular support for Queen Emma, King Kalākaua was elected by the Hawaiian Legislature to succeed King Lunalilo. This election was controversial and led to some civil unrest, but Kalākaua ultimately assumed the throne.