Robert of Naples (b. 1277)
Robert of Anjou (Italian: Roberto d'Angiò), often revered as Robert the Wise (Italian: Roberto il Saggio), reigned as King of Naples from 1309 until his death on 20 January 1343. Born in 1276, he was a pivotal monarch whose extensive influence established him as the undeniable central figure of Italian politics during his era. His strategic acumen and cultural patronage earned him his enduring epithet, distinguishing him as one of the most significant rulers of the early 14th century.
As the third son of King Charles II of Naples and Mary of Hungary, Robert’s path to the throne was not initially straightforward. His elder brothers, Charles Martel of Anjou (who was King of Hungary) and Saint Louis of Toulouse (who renounced his claims to become a Franciscan bishop), both predeceased their father. This intricate dynastic lineage, stemming from the illustrious Capetian House of Anjou, ultimately paved the way for Robert to inherit the vast Angevin domains. Before his ascension to kingship, he held the title of Duke of Calabria from 1296 to 1309, a customary designation for the heir apparent to the Kingdom of Naples.
Dominions and Sphere of Influence
Robert the Wise presided over a diverse and strategically vital collection of territories, each contributing to his formidable power in the Mediterranean and Italian Peninsula:
- King of Naples: This primary title referred to the Kingdom of Sicily ultra pharum, often simply known as the Kingdom of Naples, encompassing the southern Italian mainland. This realm was a cornerstone of his power, providing significant resources and a strategic foothold for projecting influence across Italy.
- Titular King of Jerusalem: This was a hereditary claim derived from the fragmented Crusader states. While Robert held no actual political or military control over Jerusalem or the Holy Land, this title provided immense prestige and underscored the Angevin dynasty’s historical connections to crusading ideals.
- Count of Provence and Forcalquier: Located in southeastern France, Provence was a profoundly wealthy and well-governed territory. Its administrative efficiency and economic prosperity offered a vital financial and military base for Robert, complementing his Neapolitan holdings and extending his reach into broader European affairs.
Robert the Wise: The Apex of Italian Politics
Robert's reign was characterized by his unparalleled engagement in the intricate and often tumultuous landscape of 14th-century Italian politics. He emerged as the preeminent leader of the Guelph faction, those who supported the Papacy and traditional communal liberties, positioning himself as a counterbalance to the imperial ambitions of the Ghibellines.
Confronting Imperial Power
His influence was most profoundly tested during the invasion of Italy by Emperor Henry VII of Luxembourg (1310-1313). Robert steadfastly opposed the Holy Roman Emperor's attempts to reassert imperial authority over the northern and central Italian city-states. Naples became a bulwark against imperial expansion, with Robert playing a crucial role in forming alliances and providing military support to cities resisting Henry VII. Later, he also contended with Louis IV of Bavaria, further solidifying his reputation as the chief defender of Italian independence against imperial claims.
Patronage and Cultural Flourishing
Beyond his political and military leadership, Robert of Anjou was a renowned patron of arts, sciences, and literature. His court in Naples transformed into one of the most vibrant intellectual and cultural centers of Europe. This commitment to learning and culture significantly contributed to his epithet "the Wise."
- He attracted prominent scholars, philosophers, and artists, including the famed poet Petrarch, who resided at the Neapolitan court for a period and greatly admired the King.
- His patronage facilitated the translation of ancient texts and encouraged theological and philosophical discourse, fostering a rich intellectual environment.
- The University of Naples, founded earlier by Frederick II, received renewed support and flourished under his reign.
This blend of political astuteness, military resolve, and profound intellectual curiosity ensured Robert's legacy as a truly remarkable figure, whose reign indelibly shaped the course of early 14th-century Italy.
Frequently Asked Questions about Robert the Wise
- Who was Robert of Anjou?
- Robert of Anjou, known as Robert the Wise, was the King of Naples from 1309 to 1343. He was a dominant political and cultural figure in 14th-century Italy, leading the Guelph faction and renowned for his intellectual pursuits and patronage.
- Why was he called "Robert the Wise"?
- He earned the epithet "the Wise" (il Saggio) due to his exceptional political sagacity, diplomatic skills, and significant patronage of arts, letters, and sciences. His court in Naples became a prominent intellectual hub.
- What territories did Robert of Anjou rule?
- Robert ruled the Kingdom of Naples (southern Italian mainland), held the titular claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and was the Count of Provence and Forcalquier in southeastern France.
- How did Robert of Anjou become King of Naples?
- As the third son of Charles II of Naples, Robert ascended to the throne because his two elder brothers, Charles Martel and Louis, either died before their father or renounced their claims, clearing his path to succession.
- What was Robert's role in Italian politics?
- Robert of Anjou was the central leader of the Guelph (papal) faction in Italy, actively opposing the imperial ambitions of the Holy Roman Emperors, particularly Henry VII and Louis IV, and influencing numerous city-states across the peninsula.