Corazon Aquino, Filipino politician, 11th President of the Philippines (d. 2009)

Maria Corazon "Cory" Sumulong Cojuangco Aquino, born on January 25, 1933, and passing on August 1, 2009, was a pivotal Filipina politician who dramatically reshaped the course of Philippine history. Serving as the 11th President of the Philippines from 1986 to 1992, she rose from being a revered figurehead of the non-violent 1986 People Power Revolution to become the nation's highest leader. This momentous uprising, also widely known as the EDSA Revolution (named after Epifanio de los Santos Avenue, its primary site in Metro Manila), effectively dismantled the authoritarian two-decade rule of President Ferdinand Marcos, ushering in the democratic Fifth Philippine Republic.

Before her ascension to the presidency, Corazon Aquino was primarily known as the devoted wife of Senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr., a staunch and eloquent critic of the Marcos regime. Ninoy Aquino's tragic assassination on August 21, 1983, upon his return to the Philippines at the Manila International Airport (now Ninoy Aquino International Airport, NAIA), galvanized the nation and ignited a widespread clamor for change. Though initially a reluctant leader, Corazon Aquino emerged as the powerful symbol and unifying figure of the burgeoning opposition movement, embodying the Filipino people's yearning for freedom and justice.

In late 1985, under mounting domestic and international pressure, President Marcos called for a snap presidential election to legitimize his continued hold on power. Corazon Aquino, urged by a widespread "Draft Cory" movement, bravely decided to run for president, with former Senator Salvador Laurel as her running mate for vice president. The election, held on February 7, 1986, was marred by widespread allegations of massive electoral fraud, vote manipulation, and intimidation. Despite credible reports of Aquino's victory, the Batasang Pambansa (national assembly) controversially proclaimed Marcos and his running mate Arturo Tolentino as the winners. This blatant disregard for the popular vote prompted Corazon Aquino to call for a nationwide campaign of massive civil disobedience, urging citizens to boycott businesses associated with the Marcos regime and withhold payment of taxes, further escalating the tension.

The culmination of these events was the People Power Revolution, a remarkable four-day non-violent mass demonstration that captivated the world. From February 22 to February 25, 1986, millions of Filipinos, inspired by Corazon Aquino and supported by key figures like Cardinal Jaime Sin of the Philippine Catholic Church and defecting military leaders such as Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile and Armed Forces Vice Chief of Staff Fidel Ramos, peacefully gathered along EDSA. This unprecedented display of unity and resolve successfully pressured Ferdinand Marcos to flee the country, paving the way for Corazon Aquino's peaceful accession to the presidency on February 25, 1986. Notably, before assuming the highest office, Aquino had never held any elected position, making her accomplishment even more extraordinary. She holds the distinction of being the first female president of the Philippines, a trailblazer for women in leadership globally.

Key Achievements and Challenges During Her Presidency

As President, Corazon Aquino embarked on a crucial mission to restore democratic institutions and rebuild the nation. Her administration's foundational achievement was overseeing the drafting and ratification of the 1987 Constitution. This landmark document significantly limited the powers of the presidency, re-established a bicameral Congress (comprising the Senate and House of Representatives), and enshrined robust civil liberties through a Bill of Rights, effectively dismantling the dictatorial structures of the previous regime and establishing crucial checks and balances.

Economically, Aquino's policies aimed at fostering a more equitable and free market system. She prioritized disestablishing Marcos-era "crony capitalist" monopolies, which had concentrated wealth and power in the hands of a few presidential associates, hindering fair competition and economic growth. Her administration worked towards rebuilding international economic trust, attracting foreign investment, and promoting responsible fiscal management to address the substantial national debt inherited from the previous administration.

In pursuit of national unity, her administration engaged in significant peace talks to resolve the long-standing Moro conflict in Mindanao. These efforts culminated in the creation of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) in 1989, a significant step towards granting greater self-governance to the region's Muslim population and addressing historical grievances.

However, Aquino's presidency was not without significant challenges and criticisms. A notable low point was the Mendiola Massacre on January 22, 1987, where at least 12 peaceful farmer-protesters demanding genuine land reform were shot and killed by Philippine state security forces near Malacañang Palace. This incident cast a shadow over her administration's commitment to social justice.

The nation also grappled with various natural calamities during the latter part of her term. The devastating 1990 Luzon earthquake, a magnitude 7.8 temblor, caused widespread destruction and loss of life across several provinces. Two years later, Tropical Storm Thelma (local name "Uring") in November 1991 led to catastrophic flash floods and landslides, particularly in Ormoc City, Leyte, resulting in thousands of fatalities. Furthermore, her government faced numerous destabilization attempts, including at least seven significant coup attempts by disgruntled military factions, which tested the resilience of the nascent democracy.

Upon the successful completion of her single six-year term, Corazon Aquino peacefully transferred power to her successor, Fidel V. Ramos, in 1992, marking a vital transition in Philippine democratic history. She then returned to civilian life, remaining an influential voice for democracy and good governance.

Legacy and Enduring Impact

Corazon Aquino was diagnosed with colorectal cancer in 2008 and peacefully passed away on August 1, 2009, at the age of 76. Her passing triggered a period of national mourning and reflection on her profound contributions to the Philippines. Her son, Benigno "Noynoy" Aquino III, continued the family's legacy of public service, serving as the 15th President of the Philippines from 2010 to 2016.

Throughout the Philippines, monuments have been erected, and public landmarks, including a major avenue in Quezon City and a portion of the Manila International Airport, have been named in her honor, reflecting the nation's deep gratitude. Corazon Aquino remains highly regarded in her native country, affectionately known as the "Mother of Philippine Democracy." Her unwavering courage, moral integrity, and commitment to non-violence during a critical juncture in Philippine history cemented her place as an enduring symbol of peaceful resistance and democratic restoration, inspiring movements for freedom worldwide.

Frequently Asked Questions about Corazon Aquino

When did Corazon Aquino serve as President of the Philippines?
Corazon Aquino served as the 11th President of the Philippines from February 25, 1986, to June 30, 1992.
What was the significance of the People Power Revolution (EDSA Revolution)?
The People Power Revolution, led by Corazon Aquino, was a non-violent mass uprising from February 22-25, 1986, that successfully ousted the dictatorial regime of Ferdinand Marcos and restored democracy to the Philippines. It is globally recognized as a powerful example of peaceful civil resistance.
What major democratic reforms did President Aquino implement?
Her administration oversaw the drafting and ratification of the 1987 Constitution, which re-established a bicameral legislature, limited presidential powers, and enshrined a Bill of Rights, effectively laying the groundwork for a robust democratic system.
Why is Corazon Aquino called the "Mother of Philippine Democracy"?
She is celebrated as the "Mother of Philippine Democracy" for her pivotal role in leading the non-violent revolution that ended the Marcos dictatorship and for her subsequent efforts as president to restore democratic institutions, uphold civil liberties, and champion human rights in the country.