Deaths on January 25

Philip Johnson, American architect, designed the PPG Place and Crystal Cathedral (b. 1906)

Philip Cortelyou Johnson (July 8, 1906 – January 25, 2005) stands as one of the most influential and transformative figures in 20th-century American architecture. Renowned for his remarkably diverse body of work, he seamlessly transitioned between the stark minimalism of modernism and the playful historical references of postmodernism, often setting new stylistic precedents. His career, spanning over seven decades, left an indelible mark on the built environment and architectural discourse, prompting the "New York Times" to declare his works "widely considered among the architectural masterpieces of the 20th century" in his 2005 obituary.

Johnson's architectural output reflects a perpetual exploration of form, material, and cultural context. His designs often pushed boundaries, making him a true architectural chameleon who embraced and defined successive eras of design.

Architectural Masterpieces and Stylistic Evolution

Among Johnson's most celebrated designs are structures that not only exemplify dominant architectural styles but also served as defining moments in their respective movements:

• The Glass House (1949), New Canaan, Connecticut: A quintessential work of modernist architecture, this transparent residential masterpiece, designed as Johnson's own home, is a landmark of the International Style. Its minimalist steel frame and extensive use of glass create an immersive dialogue with the surrounding landscape, blurring the lines between interior and exterior and demonstrating a profound commitment to light and openness. It stands as a testament to clarity and functional elegance.
• 550 Madison Avenue (formerly AT&T Building, 1984), New York City: This iconic postmodern skyscraper marked a dramatic departure from the sleek glass boxes of modernism. Designed for AT&T, its distinctive Chippendale-style broken pediment at the top, along with its massive granite facade and classical elements, announced the arrival of postmodernism in corporate architecture. It challenged the prevailing dogma of its time, sparking widespread debate and influencing a generation of architects.
• 190 South La Salle Street (1986), Chicago: Located in a city celebrated for its architectural innovations, this building showcases Johnson's ability to integrate classical motifs with contemporary high-rise design. Its grand, arching entrance and traditional Chicago School-inspired fenestration reflect a reverence for architectural history while maintaining a modern sensibility.
• The Sculpture Garden of the Museum of Modern Art (1953), New York City: As an integral part of one of the world's foremost art institutions, Johnson's design for the MoMA Sculpture Garden provides a serene, meticulously curated outdoor space. It serves as a contemplative oasis amidst the urban bustle, featuring reflecting pools and thoughtfully placed landscaping that enhances the appreciation of outdoor art installations.
• The Pre-Columbian Pavilion (1963), Dumbarton Oaks, Washington D.C.: This unique, circular building, designed to house a collection of pre-Columbian art, demonstrates Johnson's versatility. Its nine domed skylights illuminate the galleries within, creating an ethereal quality that complements the ancient artifacts it displays. The design reflects a sensitive response to both the collection and the existing garden landscape.

Pioneering Role at the Museum of Modern Art

Philip Johnson's early career was instrumental in shaping the trajectory of modern architecture in America, particularly through his pivotal role at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City.

• First Director of Architecture Department: In 1930, Johnson was appointed the first director of MoMA's Department of Architecture. In this capacity, he became a central figure in introducing European modernism to American audiences.
• Advocate for European Masters: He actively facilitated visits by influential European architects, including Walter Gropius, the founder of the Bauhaus, and Le Corbusier, a pioneer of modern architecture. These interactions were crucial in fostering a transatlantic exchange of architectural ideas.
• Securing Mies van der Rohe's First American Commission: Johnson famously negotiated the first American commission for Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, a titan of modern architecture, shortly after Mies fled Nazi Germany. This collaboration, which eventually led to significant works like the Seagram Building (co-designed by Johnson), had a profound impact on American urbanism.
• The "Modern Architecture: International Exhibition" (1932): Co-curated with historian Henry-Russell Hitchcock, this groundbreaking exhibition at MoMA was a watershed moment. It not only defined and popularized the "International Style" in America but also established a canonical understanding of modern architecture's principles, emphasizing clean lines, functionalism, and an absence of ornamentation. The exhibition was hugely influential, shaping architectural education and practice for decades to come.

Controversy and Atonement: A Complex Legacy

A deeply controversial chapter in Johnson's life involved his involvement with fascist movements in the United States during the 1930s. In 1934, he resigned from his position at MoMA to dedicate himself to political activism.

• Advocacy for Fascist Ideology: Johnson allied with populist figures such as Father Charles Coughlin, a notorious anti-Semitic radio personality, and Lawrence Dennis, an American fascist theorist. He actively promoted fascist ideology and Nazi propaganda through various publications, including Coughlin's "Social Justice" newspaper, and even attended Nazi rallies in Germany, including the infamous Nuremberg Rallies.
• Investigation by the FBI: His activities eventually attracted the attention of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the U.S. justice system. While he was thoroughly investigated for his pro-fascist activities, he was ultimately never charged with any crime.
• Profound Remorse and Atonement: Years later, Johnson publicly expressed profound remorse for his actions during this period. He famously referred to his involvement as "the stupidest thing I ever did ... [which] I never can atone for." In his later life, he made efforts to distance himself from these past beliefs and became a vocal supporter of Jewish causes and Israel, an act of significant personal and public reckoning. This period remains a stark reminder of the complexities and moral challenges of the 20th century, juxtaposed against his towering architectural achievements.

Distinguished Accolades and Enduring Influence

Despite the controversies of his past, Philip Johnson's immense contributions to architecture were recognized with the highest honors in his field.

• American Institute of Architects Gold Medal (1978): This prestigious award is the highest honor bestowed by the American Institute of Architects, recognizing an individual's significant body of work and lasting influence on architectural theory and practice.
• First Pritzker Architecture Prize Laureate (1979): Johnson was the inaugural recipient of the Pritzker Architecture Prize, widely considered the "Nobel Prize of architecture." This landmark award cemented his status as a titan of 20th-century architecture, acknowledging his pioneering spirit, his masterful designs, and his profound impact on the global architectural landscape.

Philip Johnson's legacy is multifaceted, defined by his innovative designs, his role in popularizing modern architecture, his dramatic stylistic shifts, and a controversial political past from which he publicly recoiled. He remains a compelling figure whose work continues to inspire debate and admiration, solidifying his place as a pivotal force in the narrative of 20th-century design.

Frequently Asked Questions About Philip Johnson

When was Philip Johnson born and when did he pass away?

Philip Cortelyou Johnson was born on July 8, 1906, and passed away on January 25, 2005, living to be 98 years old.

What architectural styles is Philip Johnson known for?

Johnson is primarily known for his significant contributions to both modern architecture, exemplified by his Glass House, and postmodern architecture, highlighted by the 550 Madison Avenue (AT&T Building).

What was Philip Johnson's role at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)?

He served as the first director of the Museum of Modern Art's Department of Architecture, beginning in 1930. He was instrumental in introducing European modernism to the United States, notably organizing the influential "Modern Architecture: International Exhibition" in 1932.

Did Philip Johnson have any controversial political affiliations?

Yes, in the mid-1930s, Johnson was involved with and promoted fascist ideology and Nazi propaganda in the United States. He later expressed deep regret for these activities, describing them as "the stupidest thing I ever did," and worked to atone for his past.

What major architectural awards did Philip Johnson receive?

Philip Johnson was awarded the American Institute of Architects Gold Medal in 1978 and was the very first recipient of the prestigious Pritzker Architecture Prize in 1979, often regarded as the highest honor in architecture.