Boshin War: Tokugawa rebels establish the Ezo Republic in Hokkaidō.

The Republic of Ezo (蝦夷共和國, Ezo Kyōwakoku) was a short-lived separatist state established in 1869 by a part of the former military of the Tokugawa shogunate on the island of Ezo, now known as Hokkaido, at the end of the Bakumatsu period in Japan. It is notable for being the first government to attempt to institute democracy in Japan, though voting was allowed only to the samurai caste. The Republic of Ezo existed for only 5 months before being conquered by the newly established Empire of Japan.