Events on January 28 in history

The current design of the Flag of Canada is chosen by an act of Parliament.

The Enduring Symbol: Canada's National Flag

The national flag of Canada, officially known as le Drapeau national du Canada in French, is widely recognized globally. Often simply referred to as the Canadian flag, or more informally as the Maple Leaf or l'Unifolié (from French, literally meaning 'the one-leafed'), this iconic emblem showcases a vibrant design. It consists of a striking red field, symmetrically bisected by a white square at its centre. This distinctive layout adheres to a precise 1:2:1 ratio, a design proportion uniquely termed the "Canadian Pale." At the heart of this central white square is emblazoned a stylized, vivid red, 11-pointed maple leaf, prominently charged in the middle.

This flag holds a singular place in Canadian history as the first to have been formally adopted by resolutions in both the House of Commons and the Senate of Canada. It was then officially proclaimed by the Canadian monarch, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, on January 28, 1965, to serve as the country's definitive national flag. Since its inception, the National Flag of Canada has transcended its design elements to become the predominant and most universally recognizable national symbol, embodying Canadian identity and pride on the global stage.

The Genesis of a National Icon: The Great Flag Debate

The journey to adopting a distinct national flag was a pivotal moment in Canadian history, culminating in what is famously known as the "Great Flag Debate" of 1964. For decades, Canada had lacked an official, uniquely Canadian flag, relying instead on the Canadian Red Ensign, which carried strong historical ties to the British Empire. This absence sparked a significant national discussion, fueled by Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson's vision for a flag that truly represented Canada's evolving independent identity.

In 1964, Prime Minister Pearson spearheaded the formation of a multi-party parliamentary committee tasked with resolving this long-standing issue. The committee received thousands of design submissions from the public, reflecting a widespread desire for a new symbol. From this vast collection, three choices emerged as strong contenders. Ultimately, the maple leaf design conceived by George Stanley, a respected historian and dean of arts at Royal Roads Military College, was selected. Stanley's design drew inspiration from the flag of the Royal Military College of Canada, which featured a maple leaf on a white field, flanked by red bars.

The red and white colours chosen for the flag were not arbitrary; they had been officially declared Canada's national colours by King George V in 1921. Following its selection, the National Flag of Canada made its profound first official appearance on February 15, 1965, during a solemn ceremony on Parliament Hill. This historic date is now annually celebrated across the nation as National Flag of Canada Day, a testament to its enduring significance.

Predecessors, Enduring Symbols, and National Protocol

The Historical Significance of the Canadian Red Ensign

Prior to the adoption of the current National Flag, the Canadian Red Ensign served as Canada's de facto national flag for nearly a century. This ensign, which featured the Union Flag in the canton and the shield of the Canadian Coat of Arms in the fly, had been in unofficial use since the 1860s. Its status was formally recognized through a 1945 Order in Council, which permitted its use "wherever place or occasion may make it desirable to fly a distinctive Canadian flag." Despite its historical role, the Red Ensign's strong British colonial imagery became a point of contention for those advocating for a more independent Canadian identity, ultimately leading to the push for a new flag.

The Enduring Presence of the Royal Union Flag

While the Maple Leaf is Canada's primary national flag, the Royal Union Flag, commonly known as the Union Jack, retains an official status in Canada. It serves as a potent symbol of Canada's enduring allegiance to the Sovereign and its proud membership within the Commonwealth of Nations. The Union Flag is typically flown on specific royal occasions, such as Commonwealth Day, Victoria Day (the Sovereign's official birthday in Canada), and other significant events related to the Monarchy or the Commonwealth, often alongside the National Flag of Canada.

Canadian Flag Etiquette and Precedence

Interestingly, unlike some nations, there is no specific statutory law dictating the treatment of the National Flag of Canada. However, a comprehensive set of well-established conventions and protocols, largely guided by the Department of Canadian Heritage, govern its display and respectful handling. These guidelines ensure the flag is treated with the dignity and honour it commands as a national symbol. Examples of these protocols include ensuring the flag never touches the ground, never being used as a tablecloth or cover, and always being flown at the peak of the flagpole. The established order of precedence for flags gives the National Flag of Canada primacy over virtually all other flags when displayed on Canadian soil, reinforcing its paramount status.

The Ubiquitous Maple Leaf Motif in Canadian Identity

The iconic maple leaf motif, which defines the National Flag, extends far beyond its central position on the Canadian Pale. It is a pervasive symbol integrated into the design of numerous flags created for various Canadian officials, government bodies, and military forces. This incorporation often takes one of two forms: either the National Flag itself is charged within the canton (the upper hoist quarter) of another flag, or stylized maple leaves are directly incorporated into the flag's overall design. For instance, the Governor General's flag and various regimental flags within the Canadian Armed Forces proudly display elements of the maple leaf, signifying their connection to Canada. Beyond official flags, the Canadian flag's distinct image is also prominently featured as part of the Government of Canada's wordmark, serving as a constant visual reminder of national identity across all federal communications and branding.

Frequently Asked Questions about the Canadian Flag

What are the official names of the Canadian flag?

The official name is the National Flag of Canada, or le Drapeau national du Canada in French. It is also widely known as the Canadian flag, and unofficially as the Maple Leaf or l'Unifolié.

What do the colours and design elements of the Canadian flag represent?

The red and white colours were proclaimed Canada's national colours by King George V in 1921. Red is often associated with sacrifice during wartime, while white symbolizes peace and neutrality. The central white square, known as the "Canadian Pale," represents Canada's vast snowy landscapes. The stylized 11-pointed red maple leaf is Canada's enduring national emblem, representing the nation's nature, environment, and the diverse Canadian people.

Who designed the current National Flag of Canada?

The design for the National Flag of Canada was created by George Stanley, a historian and heraldic expert. His design was selected from thousands of submissions during the Great Flag Debate of 1964.

When was the Canadian flag officially adopted and first flown?

The National Flag of Canada was officially proclaimed by Queen Elizabeth II on January 28, 1965, following its adoption by both houses of Parliament. It made its first official public appearance on February 15, 1965, a date now celebrated annually as National Flag of Canada Day.

Is the Union Flag (Union Jack) still an official flag in Canada?

Yes, the Royal Union Flag (Union Jack) remains an official flag in Canada. It is flown to symbolize Canada's allegiance to the Sovereign and its continued membership in the Commonwealth of Nations, typically on specific commemorative dates or royal occasions.