Mammad Amin Rasulzade, Azerbaijani scholar and politician, 1st President of The Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan (d. 1955)

Mahammad Amin Akhund Haji Mulla Alekber oghlu Rasulzade, known in Azerbaijani as Məhəmməd Əmin Axund Hacı Molla Ələkbər oğlu Rəsulzadə (with the approximate Azerbaijani pronunciation of [mæˈmæd æˈmin ɾæsulzɑːˈdæ]), and in Turkish as Mehmed Emin Resulzade, was a towering figure in the history of Azerbaijan. Born on January 31, 1884, and passing away on March 6, 1955, Rasulzade emerged as a pivotal Azerbaijani statesman, a prolific scholar, and an influential public figure who profoundly shaped the national consciousness and statehood of Azerbaijan in the early 20th century.

Architect of Azerbaijani Statehood

Rasulzade's multifaceted career was dedicated to the cause of Azerbaijani national self-determination. His journey began in the vibrant intellectual circles of the late Russian Empire, where he engaged in journalism and political activism. He was instrumental in establishing the Musavat Party (Equality Party) in 1911, which rapidly became the leading political force advocating for the rights of the Azerbaijani people and eventually, for full independence.

His leadership reached its zenith when he became the head of the Azerbaijani National Council (Azerbaijan Milli Şurası). Under his guidance, this historic council convened on May 28, 1918, to declare the independence of Azerbaijan, leading to the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR). This momentous event marked a groundbreaking achievement, as the ADR became the first secular parliamentary republic in the Muslim East, granting universal suffrage, including the right to vote for women, well before many Western nations.

The Enduring Motto of Independence

A phrase inextricably linked with Mahammad Amin Rasulzade and the Azerbaijani independence movement is his powerful declaration: "Bir kərə yüksələn bayraq, bir daha enməz!" This stirring call to action, which translates to "The flag once raised will never fall!", transcended a mere slogan to become the immutable motto and an enduring symbol of national resolve. It encapsulated the unyielding spirit of the Azerbaijani people's struggle for sovereignty and their commitment to preserving their hard-won independence against all odds.

This motto, resonating deeply within the national psyche, symbolized the finality and irreversibility of Azerbaijan's aspiration for self-governance after centuries of foreign rule. It served as a rallying cry during the tumultuous years of the early 20th century and continues to inspire generations, embodying the nation's steadfast dedication to its freedom and statehood.

Scholarship and Enduring Legacy

Beyond his political leadership, Rasulzade was a profound intellectual and scholar whose extensive writings explored themes of national identity, history, and the philosophical underpinnings of an independent Azerbaijan. His works contributed significantly to the development of "Azerbaijanism" – a coherent ideology that sought to define the unique cultural and political identity of the Azerbaijani nation.

After the collapse of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1920 due to the Bolshevik invasion, Rasulzade was forced into exile. Despite this, he never ceased his efforts to advocate for Azerbaijani independence from abroad, continuing his political activism and scholarly pursuits, primarily from Turkey. His unwavering dedication until his death in Ankara in 1955 cemented his status as the spiritual architect of modern Azerbaijani statehood and a national hero whose vision continues to guide the nation.

Frequently Asked Questions about Mahammad Amin Rasulzade

Who was Mahammad Amin Rasulzade?
Mahammad Amin Rasulzade was a preeminent Azerbaijani statesman, scholar, and public figure who played a pivotal role in the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR) in 1918, the first secular parliamentary republic in the Muslim East. He is considered the architect of modern Azerbaijani statehood.
What is the significance of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR)?
The ADR, established on May 28, 1918, under the leadership of the Azerbaijani National Council headed by Rasulzade, was significant as the first secular democratic republic in the Muslim world. It introduced progressive reforms, including granting women the right to vote, and laid the foundations for future Azerbaijani independence.
What is Mahammad Amin Rasulzade's famous quote?
His most famous quote is "Bir kərə yüksələn bayraq, bir daha enməz!" which translates to "The flag once raised will never fall!" This expression became the powerful motto of the Azerbaijani independence movement and remains a symbol of national sovereignty and resilience.
When did Mahammad Amin Rasulzade live?
Mahammad Amin Rasulzade was born on January 31, 1884, and passed away on March 6, 1955.
Where did Mahammad Amin Rasulzade spend his final years?
After the collapse of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, Rasulzade lived in exile, primarily in Turkey, where he continued his political and scholarly work advocating for Azerbaijani independence until his death in Ankara in 1955.