Events on January 9 in history

Anson Jones, the last President of the Republic of Texas, commits suicide.

Anson Jones (January 20, 1798 – January 9, 1858) was a pivotal figure in the history of Texas, renowned for his multifaceted career as a physician, astute businessman, influential member of Congress, and ultimately, the fourth and final President of the Republic of Texas. He is most famously remembered by the profound moniker, the "Architect of Annexation," a title that encapsulates his central role in the Republic's integration into the United States.

Born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, Anson Jones embarked on a journey that would lead him to the heart of the burgeoning Texas Republic. After completing his medical studies at the esteemed University of Pennsylvania, he practiced medicine in several states before eventually arriving in Texas in 1833. His arrival coincided with a period of intense political and social upheaval, as Anglo-American settlers pushed for independence from Mexico. Jones quickly became an integral part of the Texan community, not just as a doctor providing essential medical care to the nascent settlements, but also as a shrewd businessman who understood the economic dynamics of the frontier.

The Ascent of a Statesman: From Physician to President

Anson Jones's transition from the medical profession to the political arena was a testament to his intelligence and dedication to the Texan cause. His early contributions were marked by active participation in the Texas Revolution, where he served as a surgeon in the Texan army, including providing medical assistance after the pivotal Battle of San Jacinto. This experience, though not on the battlefield as a combatant, immersed him deeply in the aspirations and challenges facing the new republic.

• Early Political Roles: Jones's political career began to flourish shortly after Texas gained independence. He served as a representative from Brazoria County in the Congress of the Republic of Texas. During his time as a legislator, he contributed to the foundational laws and policies that shaped the young nation.
• Minister to the United States: Under the first presidency of Sam Houston, Jones was appointed Minister to the United States in 1838. In this crucial diplomatic role, he initiated early, albeit unsuccessful, negotiations for the annexation of Texas, laying the groundwork for future efforts.
• Secretary of State: Upon his return to Texas, he was appointed Secretary of State by President Sam Houston in 1841. This position placed him at the epicenter of Texas's foreign policy, where he skillfully managed relations with both the United States and European powers, navigating the complex geopolitical landscape surrounding the Republic's future. His tenure as Secretary of State was critical in setting the stage for the ultimate annexation.

The Architect of Annexation: Navigating Texas into the Union

Anson Jones ascended to the presidency of the Republic of Texas on December 9, 1844, inheriting a nation at a crossroads. His presidency was almost entirely defined by the single, overarching objective of annexation to the United States. This era was fraught with diplomatic challenges, as Texas considered its options for national survival and prosperity.

The title "Architect of Annexation" is not merely descriptive but reflective of his strategic approach to incorporating Texas into the United States. While many Texans desired annexation, Jones meticulously managed the process, ensuring favorable terms for Texas and safeguarding its interests. He skillfully played a diplomatic game, leveraging interest from European powers, particularly Great Britain and France, who sought to maintain an independent Texas as a counterbalance to American expansion. This diplomatic maneuvering was a calculated risk that ultimately spurred the United States to act decisively.

Key events during his presidency leading to annexation:

• The Annexation Treaty: Early in his term, Jones submitted a new annexation treaty to the United States. While this treaty initially failed in the U.S. Senate due to various political considerations, including concerns over the expansion of slavery, it kept the issue alive.
• The Joint Resolution: Following the failed treaty, the U.S. Congress pursued a joint resolution for annexation. This required a simple majority in both houses, rather than the two-thirds Senate majority needed for a treaty.
• Texas's Decision: President Jones, upon receiving the U.S. joint resolution, presented it to the Texan Congress and a convention of delegates. After vigorous debate and a public vote, Texas accepted the terms of annexation.

On February 19, 1846, in a solemn ceremony held at the Capitol in Austin, President Anson Jones formally lowered the flag of the Republic of Texas and raised the U.S. flag, declaring, "The Republic of Texas is no more." This momentous occasion marked the end of an independent Texas and the beginning of its journey as a state within the United States. His careful management of this delicate transition solidified his legacy as the "Architect of Annexation."

Life After the Presidency and Lasting Legacy

After stepping down from the presidency, Anson Jones retired from public life. He moved to his plantation, Barrington, near Washington-on-the-Brazos, where he focused on farming and his business interests. Despite his profound contributions to the state's formation, he became increasingly disillusioned with the political landscape and perceived a lack of recognition for his efforts in securing annexation. This feeling of being overlooked, coupled with personal misfortunes and financial struggles, contributed to a deepening sense of despair.

Anson Jones died by suicide on January 9, 1858, just days before his 60th birthday, in Houston, Texas. His passing marked a tragic end for a man who had dedicated so much of his life to the Republic of Texas. Despite the somber circumstances of his death, his historical significance remains undeniable. He presided over the most consequential decision in Texas's early history, guiding it from an independent nation to a state within the American Union.

His detailed memoirs, "Memoranda and Official Correspondence Relating to the Republic of Texas, Its History and Annexation," published posthumously, provide invaluable insight into the complex political machinations of the era and his pivotal role within them. Anson Jones's legacy is intricately tied to the very identity of Texas as a U.S. state, making him a figure of enduring historical importance.

Frequently Asked Questions About Anson Jones

When was Anson Jones born and when did he die?

Anson Jones was born on January 20, 1798, and passed away on January 9, 1858.

Why is Anson Jones known as the "Architect of Annexation"?

He earned this title due to his strategic and deliberate efforts as the fourth and final President of the Republic of Texas to guide Texas through the complex process of joining the United States. His skillful diplomacy, including leveraging European interest in an independent Texas, was instrumental in securing the annexation agreement.

What were Anson Jones's key roles before becoming President of Texas?

Before his presidency, Anson Jones was a practicing physician, a businessman, a representative in the Republic of Texas Congress, Minister to the United States, and Secretary of State under President Sam Houston.

When did Texas formally become part of the United States under Anson Jones's presidency?

Texas formally joined the United States on December 29, 1845, though the official transfer of power from the Republic to the State of Texas occurred on February 19, 1846.

What was the significance of Anson Jones being the "last" President of the Republic of Texas?

His term as the last president signifies that he was the leader who oversaw the dissolution of the independent Republic of Texas and its transition into statehood within the United States, thereby bringing an end to the Republic era.