Cree and Assiniboine warriors win the Battle of Cut Knife, their largest victory over Canadian forces during the North-West Rebellion.

The Cree, known in their own languages as Néhinaw or Néhiyaw (and as "Cri" in French), represent a prominent Indigenous people of North America. Their rich history and vibrant cultures are deeply woven into the fabric of the continent, particularly across the vast expanses of what is now Canada, where they hold the distinction of being one of the country's largest First Nations.

Geographical Footprint and Population

Indeed, the Cree constitute one of Canada's largest First Nations, with a significant demographic presence. Estimates indicate that over 350,000 individuals identify as Cree or possess Cree ancestry within Canada alone. This substantial population reflects their enduring presence and widespread historical territories. While their presence is felt across many regions, the major proportion of Cree communities in Canada are situated north and west of Lake Superior. This encompasses a broad geographical swath, stretching across the provinces of Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, and extending into the Northwest Territories. Quebec is also home to a distinct Cree population, numbering approximately 27,000 people, underscoring the vast reach of their traditional lands.

The Cree in the United States

Beyond their strong presence in Canada, Cree people also have historical and contemporary ties to the United States. Historically, their communities extended westward from the region around Lake Superior. Today, the majority of Cree in the United States reside primarily in Montana, where they share the Rocky Boy Indian Reservation with their relatives, the Ojibwe, often known as Chippewa in the U.S. context. This shared reservation highlights a history of kinship and alliance between these Indigenous nations.

Historical Roles and the Fur Trade

A crucial aspect of Cree history, particularly their documented westward expansion over time, is strongly intertwined with their pivotal roles in the North American fur trade. As skilled hunters and astute traders, the Cree became central figures in this expansive economic network. Their expertise in navigating vast landscapes, coupled with their profound knowledge of local ecosystems and animal behaviors, positioned them as indispensable intermediaries between European traders and other Indigenous groups. This significant historical role not only shaped their migratory patterns but also solidified their influence and cultural exchange across a wide geographical area.

A Moment in History: The Battle of Cut Knife

The resilience and determination of the Cree people are also reflected in significant historical events, such as the Battle of Cut Knife. This pivotal engagement occurred on May 2, 1885, amidst a period of considerable tension and conflict during the North-West Resistance. It unfolded when a Canadian "flying column," an agile military unit comprising mounted police, local militia, and regular Canadian army units, launched an attack on a Cree and Assiniboine teepee settlement. This encampment was situated near present-day Battleford, Saskatchewan. Despite being the target of a formidable military assault, the First Nations fighters, displaying remarkable courage and strategic prowess, successfully repelled the Canadian forces. The battle concluded with the Canadian units being forced to retreat, though losses were sustained on both sides, underscoring the fierce resistance put forth by the Indigenous defenders.

Frequently Asked Questions About the Cree People

Who are the Cree people?
The Cree, known as Néhinaw or Néhiyaw in their own languages, are one of the largest and most widespread Indigenous peoples of North America. They have a rich cultural heritage and extensive traditional territories primarily across Canada, and historically in parts of the United States.
How many Cree people live in Canada?
In Canada, over 350,000 people identify as Cree or have Cree ancestry, making them one of the country's largest First Nations.
Where do Cree people primarily live in Canada?
The majority of Cree communities in Canada are located north and west of Lake Superior, spanning across Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and the Northwest Territories. Additionally, a significant population of about 27,000 Cree people resides in Quebec.
Do Cree people also live in the United States?
Yes, historically, Cree people lived from Lake Superior westward in the United States. Today, most Cree in the U.S. live in Montana, specifically sharing the Rocky Boy Indian Reservation with the Ojibwe (Chippewa) people.
What significant historical role did the Cree play in North America?
The Cree played a crucial role as traders and hunters in the North American fur trade. Their expertise and strategic positioning were instrumental in the trade's expansion, and their documented westward migration is strongly associated with their involvement in this significant historical economic activity.
What was the Battle of Cut Knife?
The Battle of Cut Knife was a historical engagement fought on May 2, 1885, near Battleford, Saskatchewan. During this battle, a Canadian military force attacked a Cree and Assiniboine teepee settlement. The First Nations fighters successfully defended their settlement, forcing the Canadian forces to retreat, though both sides incurred losses.