West Virginia becomes the first state to legislate a broad sales tax, but does not implement it until a number of years later due to enforcement issues.

Nestled within the breathtaking beauty of the Appalachian Mountains, West Virginia holds a unique place in the American tapestry. It is officially considered part of the Appalachian, Mid-Atlantic, and Southeastern regions of the United States, yet it stands alone as the only state entirely encompassed by the area served by the Appalachian Regional Commission, truly earning its identity as the "Mountain State."

Its borders tell a story of regional connections, touching Pennsylvania to the north and east, Maryland to the east and northeast, Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, and Ohio to the northwest. Despite its significant geological footprint, West Virginia is the 10th-smallest state by area. With a population of 1,793,716 residents, it also ranks as the 12th-least populous state. The vibrant city of Charleston serves as both its capital and largest urban center.

The Birth of the Mountain State: A Civil War Legacy

West Virginia's very existence is a testament to a pivotal moment in American history: the American Civil War. In 1861, as the nation teetered on the brink of division, delegates from the Unionist counties of northwestern Virginia convened in Wheeling. These conventions marked a decisive split from the Commonwealth of Virginia, which had chosen to secede from the Union. While the new state also included some counties with secessionist sympathies, the prevailing sentiment in this mountainous region favored the Union.

This unprecedented act of separation culminated in West Virginia's admission to the Union on June 20, 1863, making it a crucial border state throughout the conflict. Its formation was truly singular: it was the only state to emerge by breaking away from a Confederate state. Historically, it was also just the second state to separate from an existing state, following Maine's separation from Massachusetts, and one of only two states (alongside Nevada) to be admitted to the Union during the Civil War itself.

The issue of slavery, a driving force behind the war, was complex within West Virginia. While some residents held enslaved people, the majority were yeoman farmers who worked their own land. Recognizing the evolving national sentiment and their Unionist principles, the delegates to the new state's constitutional convention provided for the gradual abolition of slavery. This commitment was solidified on February 3, 1865, when the state legislature not only abolished slavery within West Virginia but also ratified the 13th Amendment, thereby contributing to the national eradication of slavery.

A Landscape of Connections and Culture

West Virginia's geography is as distinctive as its history, with its "panhandles" extending like arms into neighboring regions. The Northern Panhandle, for instance, reaches alongside Pennsylvania and Ohio, forming a vital tristate area. Cities like Wheeling and Weirton are situated just across the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, fostering close economic and cultural ties. In the southwest, Huntington stands near the borders of Ohio and Kentucky, creating another important regional hub. Further east, in the Eastern Panhandle, Martinsburg and the historically significant Harpers Ferry are considered part of the sprawling Washington metropolitan area, nestled between Maryland and Virginia. This unique positioning often leads to West Virginia being included in various U.S. geographical classifications, including the Mid-Atlantic and the Upland South, though its heart undeniably lies in Appalachia.

The state's rugged beauty is defined by its majestic mountains and verdant rolling hills. This landscape has profoundly shaped its identity, giving rise to historically significant industries such as coal mining and logging, which, while challenging, became cornerstones of its economy and culture. This industrial past is intrinsically linked to its rich political and labor history, marked by fierce advocacy for workers' rights.

Beyond its industrial heritage, West Virginia is a haven for outdoor enthusiasts. Its diverse terrain offers a wide array of recreational opportunities, drawing visitors for exhilarating experiences like skiing down snowy slopes, navigating the thrilling rapids of whitewater rafting, enjoying serene fishing trips, exploring miles of scenic hiking and backpacking trails, challenging mountain biking routes, scaling impressive rock climbing formations, and engaging in traditional hunting. The state truly invites residents and visitors alike to immerse themselves in its natural splendor.

Political Currents: A Shifting Tide

For much of the 20th century, from the Great Depression through the 1990s, West Virginia was a staunchly Democratic state. This strong political leaning was deeply rooted in its tradition of robust union-based politics, which historically aligned with the Democratic Party's platforms. However, in recent decades, the political landscape has undergone a dramatic transformation. The state has increasingly shifted its allegiance and is now considered heavily Republican, often labeled a "deep red" state at the federal level.

Historical Footnotes: Names and Capitals

Before settling on its current name, several other appellations were considered for the burgeoning state, including Vandalia, Kanawha, Appalachia, and Western Virginia. The capital city also experienced a peripatetic journey in its early years, initially established in Wheeling, then moving to Charleston, subsequently returning to Wheeling, and finally settling permanently in Charleston. Arthur Boreman holds the distinction of being West Virginia's first governor, guiding the young state through its foundational period.

FAQs About West Virginia

When did West Virginia become a state?
West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863, during the American Civil War.
How did West Virginia separate from Virginia?
Delegates from the Unionist counties of northwestern Virginia held conventions in Wheeling in 1861, deciding to form a new state and break away from Virginia, which had seceded from the Union. This unique formation was a direct result of the American Civil War.
What is the capital and largest city of West Virginia?
Charleston is both the capital and the largest city in West Virginia.
What is West Virginia known for?
West Virginia is widely known for its stunning mountains and rolling hills, its historical coal mining and logging industries, its rich political and labor history, and a wealth of outdoor recreational opportunities, including skiing, whitewater rafting, hiking, and rock climbing. It is often referred to as the "Mountain State."
Is West Virginia entirely within the Appalachian region?
Yes, West Virginia is the only state that is entirely located within the area served by the Appalachian Regional Commission, solidifying its identity as the heart of "Appalachia."
What major metropolitan areas is West Virginia connected to?
Due to its distinctive panhandle geography, parts of West Virginia are closely tied to larger metropolitan areas. The Northern Panhandle is near the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while the Eastern Panhandle is considered part of the Washington metropolitan area.
What was West Virginia's stance on slavery during its formation?
While some residents held slaves, the delegates forming West Virginia provided for the gradual abolition of slavery in its new state constitution. The state legislature later abolished slavery entirely and ratified the 13th Amendment in 1865.