Ruben III, Prince of Armenia (b. 1145)

Ruben III (Armenian: Ռուբեն Գ), also known as Roupen III, Rupen III, or Reuben III, was a significant figure in the history of Armenian Cilicia during the latter half of the 12th century. Born in 1145, Ruben III was a member of the illustrious Rubenid dynasty, which laid the foundations for what would become the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. He ascended to power as the ninth "Lord of the Mountains" or Prince of Armenian Cilicia, ruling from 1175 until 1187. His tenure was characterized by efforts to consolidate Armenian power in the region and maintain complex diplomatic relations amidst the tumultuous geopolitical landscape of the Levant.

Ruben III’s rule came at a pivotal time for Armenian Cilicia, a Christian state strategically located on the southeastern coast of Anatolia, often caught between the Byzantine Empire, Seljuk Turks, and the emerging Crusader states. His leadership was marked by a commitment to justice and a strong spiritual inclination, as evidenced by his creation of numerous religious institutions within his domains.

Early Life and Accession to Power

Born into the Rubenid princely family, Ruben III was the son of Stephen, a younger brother of Thoros II, the seventh Lord of the Mountains. His family had been instrumental in establishing and defending Armenian autonomy in Cilicia since the late 11th century. Following the death of Mleh, his uncle, in 1175, Ruben III, at the age of 30, inherited the leadership of Armenian Cilicia. This period was one of significant internal strife and external pressure, requiring a shrewd and capable ruler to navigate the challenges. His title, "Lord of the Mountains," reflected the Rubenids' control over the rugged terrain of the Taurus Mountains, a natural fortress that provided protection and strategic advantage.

Reign and Diplomatic Stance

Throughout his reign, Ruben III pursued a policy of cautious diplomacy and internal consolidation. He is notably remembered for his consistently friendly disposition towards the Crusaders, who were fellow Christian powers in the region. This stance was not merely spiritual but also pragmatic, recognizing the strategic advantage of alliances against common threats, particularly from the surrounding Muslim emirates. While the relationship with the Crusader states was often fraught with its own complexities, Ruben III generally sought to maintain peaceful coexistence and, at times, active cooperation.

Internally, Ruben III was revered as a "just and good prince." This characterization suggests that he prioritized fair governance, upholding law and order, and ensuring the well-being of his subjects. Such a reputation would have been crucial for maintaining stability and loyalty within his territories, which were often ethnically and religiously diverse. His commitment to justice likely contributed to the relative prosperity and cohesion of Armenian Cilicia during his rule.

Pious Foundations and Spiritual Legacy

A devout Christian, Ruben III created many "pious foundations" within his domains. These foundations typically included monasteries, churches, hospices, and other charitable institutions. Such endowments were vital for the spiritual life of the Armenian Apostolic Church, which played a central role in Armenian identity and culture. By supporting these institutions, Ruben III not only demonstrated his personal piety but also strengthened the ecclesiastical infrastructure of Cilicia. Monasteries, in particular, served as centers of learning, art, and medicine, contributing significantly to the cultural and social fabric of the region.

Challenges, Abdication, and Final Years

Ruben III's reign was not without its trials. In 1181, he was captured by the Seljuk Sultan Kilij Arslan II after a period of conflict, but was later released following a ransom. A more significant challenge arose from the ambitious ambitions of his younger brother, Levon. While initially Ruben designated his daughters as his heirs, he eventually abdicated in 1187, entrusting the rule of Cilicia to his formidable brother, Levon. This decision paved the way for Levon to transform the principality into the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, a significant turning point in Armenian history.

After his abdication, Ruben III retired to the Monastery of Drazark, a prominent Armenian monastery located near the city of Anazarbus in Cilicia. This move was a common practice for rulers or nobles seeking a life of contemplation and piety in their final years. He passed away at the Monastery of Drazark on May 6, 1187, just months after relinquishing his princely duties. His decision to abdicate in favor of his brother, Levon I, ultimately proved to be a strategic one for the future of Armenian Cilicia, as Levon would go on to achieve kingship and elevate the Rubenid dynasty to new heights.

FAQs About Ruben III and Armenian Cilicia

Who was Ruben III?
Ruben III was the ninth Lord of Armenian Cilicia (or Prince of the Mountains), ruling from 1175 to 1187. He was a member of the Rubenid dynasty and is known for his just rule, piety, and friendly relations with the Crusaders.
What was Armenian Cilicia?
Armenian Cilicia was a medieval Armenian state located in southeastern Anatolia, along the Mediterranean coast. It emerged in the late 11th century and later became a kingdom. It served as a vital Christian stronghold in a region frequently contested by Byzantine, Seljuk, and Crusader powers.
Why was he called "Lord of the Mountains"?
The title "Lord of the Mountains" referred to the Rubenid dynasty's primary territories, which were largely concentrated in the mountainous regions of Cilicia. These natural fortifications provided a defensive advantage and were the heartland of Armenian power in the region before expanding to coastal areas.
What was Ruben III's relationship with the Crusaders?
Ruben III maintained a generally friendly and cooperative relationship with the Crusader states. This stance was driven by both shared Christian faith and strategic necessity, as both entities faced common enemies, particularly various Muslim Turkic states.
What were "pious foundations"?
Pious foundations were religious institutions such as monasteries, churches, and charitable establishments like hospices, endowed and supported by Ruben III. These played a crucial role in promoting spiritual life, education, and welfare within Armenian Cilicia.
Why did Ruben III abdicate?
Ruben III abdicated in 1187, ceding power to his younger and more militarily capable brother, Levon. This decision was likely a strategic move to ensure stronger leadership for Armenian Cilicia amidst external threats and internal political considerations, ultimately paving the way for Levon to become the first King of Cilicia.
Where was the Monastery of Drazark?
The Monastery of Drazark was an important Armenian monastic complex in Cilicia, situated near the ancient city of Anazarbus. It served as a significant religious and cultural center and was where Ruben III retired after his abdication and eventually passed away.