Jai Singh II, Indian king (b. 1688)
Jai Singh II (3 November 1681 – 21 September 1743) popularly known as Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh was the 29th Kachwaha Rajput ruler of the Kingdom of Amber, who later founded the fortified city of Jaipur and made it his capital. He was born at Amber, the capital of the Kachwaha Rajput's. He became ruler of Amber at the age of 11 after the death of his father, Raja Bishan Singh on 31 December 1699.Initially, Jai Singh served as a vassal of the Mughal Empire. He was given title of Sawai by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb before the siege of Khelna in Deccan. "Sawai" means one and a quarter times superior to his contemporaries. He received title of Maharajah Sawai, Raj Rajeshvar, Shri Rajadhiraj in the year 1723, This was in addition to title of Saramad-i-Rajaha-i-Hind conferred on him on 21st April 1721 In the later part of his life, Jai Singh broke free from the Mughal hegemony, and to assert his sovereignty, performed the Ashvamedha sacrifice, an ancient rite that had been abandoned for several centuries. He moved his kingdom's capital from Amber to the newly-established city of Jaipur in 1727, and performed two Ashvamedha sacrifices, once in 1734, and again in 1741.Jai Singh had a great interest in mathematics, architecture and astronomy. He commissioned the Jantar Mantar observatories at multiple places in India, including his capital Jaipur. He had Euclid's "Elements of Geometry" translated into Sanskrit.