Jerusalem Day, known in Hebrew as Yom Yerushalayim (יום ירושלים), is a profoundly significant official Israeli national holiday. This commemorative day is marked by a diverse array of state-sponsored ceremonies, solemn memorial services, and vibrant public celebrations throughout Israel. Its primary purpose is to celebrate and remember the establishment of Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem, specifically the eastern part of the city, and its subsequent reunification in June 1967. This pivotal event transpired in the immediate aftermath of the Six-Day War, transforming the geopolitical landscape of the region.
For Israelis, Jerusalem Day symbolizes the return to and control over sites of profound historical and religious significance, particularly the Old City, which houses the Western Wall (Kotel) – the holiest site where Jews are permitted to pray.
Historical Context: Jerusalem Divided
To fully grasp the significance of Jerusalem Day, it's essential to understand the city's status prior to 1967. From the 1948 Arab-Israeli War until the Six-Day War in 1967, Jerusalem was a divided city. West Jerusalem was under Israeli control, while East Jerusalem, including the Old City and its sacred sites, was administered by Jordan.
- 1948 Division: Following the 1948 War of Independence, an armistice agreement left Jerusalem bifurcated by a heavily fortified border that cut through residential areas, effectively separating families and communities.
- Restricted Access: During this period, Jewish people were largely barred from accessing the Old City and their holiest sites, including the Western Wall and the ancient Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives.
The Six-Day War and Reunification
The Six-Day War, fought in June 1967, irrevocably changed Jerusalem's status. As a defensive measure in response to escalating threats from neighboring Arab states, Israel launched a preemptive strike. During the intense conflict, Israeli paratroopers captured East Jerusalem and the Old City, famously reaching the Western Wall on June 7, 1967. This moment, broadcast globally, was met with immense emotion and seen as a historic reunification of the city after 19 years of division.
Following the war, Israel declared Jerusalem a unified city under Israeli sovereignty. While West Jerusalem has always been internationally recognized as Israel's capital, the annexation of East Jerusalem is not widely recognized by the international community, which largely views East Jerusalem as occupied territory.
How Jerusalem Day is Celebrated
Jerusalem Day is observed on the 28th day of the Hebrew month of Iyar. The specific date on the Gregorian calendar varies year to year. Celebrations typically include:
- Flag March (Rikud Degalim): A prominent and often spirited procession where thousands of people, many carrying Israeli flags, march through the streets of Jerusalem, culminating at the Western Wall. This march is a powerful display of national pride and connection to the city.
- State Ceremonies: Official ceremonies are held at significant locations, often including the Ammunition Hill memorial site, which was the scene of a crucial battle during the Six-Day War. These ceremonies honor fallen soldiers and celebrate the city's reunification.
- Educational Events: Schools and cultural institutions often host events and discussions focusing on Jerusalem's history, its significance, and the events of 1967.
- Prayers and Festivities: Religious services and festive gatherings take place, particularly in synagogues, expressing gratitude for the city's reunification.
Frequently Asked Questions about Jerusalem Day
- What is the primary significance of Jerusalem Day?
- Jerusalem Day commemorates the reunification of Jerusalem under Israeli control in June 1967, following the Six-Day War. For many Israelis, it signifies a profound historical and spiritual return to the Old City and its holy sites, particularly the Western Wall.
- When is Jerusalem Day celebrated?
- Jerusalem Day is celebrated on the 28th day of the Hebrew month of Iyar. Its Gregorian calendar date changes annually, typically falling in May or early June.
- How did Jerusalem become divided before 1967?
- After the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, an armistice agreement left Jerusalem divided. West Jerusalem was under Israeli control, while East Jerusalem, including the Old City, was administered by Jordan until the Six-Day War in 1967.
- Is Jerusalem Day an official national holiday in Israel?
- Yes, Jerusalem Day, or Yom Yerushalayim, is an officially recognized Israeli national holiday, marked by various state ceremonies, public events, and memorial services across the country.