Motilal Nehru, Indian lawyer and politician, President of the Indian National Congress (d. 1931)

Motilal Nehru, born on May 6, 1861, and passing away on February 6, 1931, was a towering figure in India's struggle for independence. A distinguished Indian lawyer, a fervent activist, and a shrewd politician, he was a pivotal member of the Indian National Congress. Beyond his significant public life, he is also remembered as the venerable patriarch of the influential Nehru-Gandhi family, and most notably, as the father of Jawaharlal Nehru, who would go on to become independent India's first Prime Minister.

Early Life and a Brilliant Legal Mind

Born into a Kashmiri Brahmin family in Agra (though his family later moved to Delhi and then Allahabad), Motilal Nehru's upbringing was marked by the absence of his father, Gangadhar Nehru, who passed away just three months before his birth. He was brought up by his elder brother, Nandlal Nehru, who also became a prominent lawyer. Motilal received his education at Muir Central College in Allahabad and later trained as a barrister at the Inner Temple in England. Upon his return, he quickly established himself as one of India's most successful and affluent lawyers, known for his sharp intellect and persuasive arguments. His legal practice flourished, providing him with a lavish lifestyle, which he would later dramatically alter in service of the nation.

A Stalwart of the Indian National Congress and Freedom Fighter

Motilal Nehru's entry into politics began with a moderate stance, but his convictions deepened over time, especially after witnessing the growing discontent against British rule. He became an active member of the Indian National Congress, a political party that was at the forefront of the independence movement. His commitment saw him rise through the ranks, demonstrating his leadership capabilities and unwavering dedication to the cause of Indian self-rule.

President of the Congress During Crucial Times

He had the distinct honour of serving as the President of the Indian National Congress on two significant occasions. His first term was from 1919 to 1920, a period immediately following the horrific Jallianwala Bagh massacre and preceding the launch of Mahatma Gandhi's Non-Cooperation Movement. During this time, Motilal Nehru worked closely with Gandhi, advocating for non-violent resistance and even giving up his opulent legal practice and Western attire in solidarity with the movement. His second term as President was from 1928 to 1929, a crucial juncture leading up to the declaration of 'Purna Swaraj' (complete independence) by his son, Jawaharlal, at the Lahore session.

The Swaraj Party and the Nehru Report

After the suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1922, Motilal Nehru, along with C. R. Das, founded the Swaraj Party in 1923. Their aim was to contest elections and enter legislative councils to obstruct the British administration from within, advocating for Indian self-governance. This marked a strategic shift within the independence movement, combining direct agitation with parliamentary politics.

Perhaps one of his most enduring contributions was his role in drafting the Nehru Report in 1928. This significant document was a detailed memorandum outlining a proposed constitution for India based on Dominion Status within the British Commonwealth. It was a direct response to the British challenge for Indians to produce a unified proposal for their own governance. The report, which also advocated for fundamental rights, universal adult suffrage, and a secular state, showcased Motilal Nehru's foresight and his deep understanding of constitutional law, even though its ultimate recommendations for dominion status were later superseded by the demand for complete independence.

The Nehru-Gandhi Family Legacy

Motilal Nehru stands as the patriarch of what would become India's most prominent political dynasty, the Nehru-Gandhi family. His influence extended beyond his own political achievements, significantly shaping the political trajectory of his son, Jawaharlal Nehru, who not only succeeded him as Congress President in 1929 but also became the first Prime Minister of independent India. The family's legacy continued through Jawaharlal's daughter, Indira Gandhi, and her son, Rajiv Gandhi, both of whom also served as Prime Ministers, underscoring the profound impact of Motilal Nehru's early political and personal decisions on the course of modern Indian history.

Enduring Impact and Legacy

Motilal Nehru's life was a testament to his dedication to India's freedom. He transitioned from a life of privilege to one of sacrifice, becoming a key strategist, a constitutional thinker, and a unifying force within the Indian National Congress. His contributions, from his leadership during critical periods of the freedom struggle to his efforts in shaping a constitutional vision for India, remain an integral part of the nation's independence narrative. He passed away in 1931, having laid a crucial foundation for the independent India he tirelessly fought for.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What was Motilal Nehru's primary profession before joining the freedom movement?
Motilal Nehru was a highly successful and distinguished lawyer, known for his brilliant legal mind and affluent practice.
Which political party was Motilal Nehru associated with?
He was a prominent leader and member of the Indian National Congress, a key party in India's independence movement.
How many times did Motilal Nehru serve as the President of the Indian National Congress?
Motilal Nehru served as the Congress President twice: from 1919 to 1920 and again from 1928 to 1929.
Who was Motilal Nehru's most famous child?
His most famous child was Jawaharlal Nehru, who later became the first Prime Minister of independent India.
What was the Nehru Report?
The Nehru Report, drafted in 1928 under Motilal Nehru's leadership, was a significant document that outlined a proposed constitution for India, advocating for Dominion Status, fundamental rights, and a secular state.
What was Motilal Nehru's role in the Swaraj Party?
He was a co-founder of the Swaraj Party, established in 1923 with C. R. Das, aiming to enter legislative councils and challenge the British administration from within.
When did Motilal Nehru live?
Motilal Nehru was born on May 6, 1861, and passed away on February 6, 1931.