Events on February 15 in history

World War II: Third day of bombing in Dresden.

The Bombing of Dresden: A Deep Dive into a Controversial WWII Event

The aerial bombing of Dresden, the capital city of the German state of Saxony, by British and American forces during World War II remains one of the conflict's most debated and poignant events. Between 13 and 15 February 1945, a series of devastating air raids transformed this historic city into a landscape of fire and rubble, raising profound questions about the morality and strategic justification of Allied area bombing campaigns.

The Coordinated Allied Assault: February 1945

The primary offensive against Dresden was a massive Anglo-American undertaking, executed in four distinct waves over a 48-hour period. Commencing on the evening of February 13th, the Royal Air Force (RAF) launched its attack, followed by the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) on February 14th and 15th. This concentrated effort involved:

• RAF Participation: 772 heavy bombers, predominantly Avro Lancasters, unleashed a torrent of ordnance.
• USAAF Contribution: 527 heavy bombers, primarily Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses, joined the assault.
• Ordnance Deployed: Over 3,900 tons of high-explosive bombs and incendiary devices were dropped on the city. This combination was specifically designed to maximize destruction and ignite widespread fires.

The sheer volume and type of bombs created a catastrophic phenomenon known as a "firestorm." High-explosive bombs shattered roofs and windows, creating air currents that fed the conflagration started by incendiary devices. The resulting superheated air rose rapidly, drawing in oxygen from the periphery at hurricane-force winds, intensifying the inferno and making escape virtually impossible for many trapped within the city center.

This unprecedented attack obliterated more than 1,600 acres (approximately 6.5 square kilometers) of Dresden's historic city center, famed for its baroque architecture and cultural heritage. Initial estimates of casualties ranged, but subsequent investigations have largely converged on a tragic figure of approximately 22,700 to 25,000 fatalities, with some estimates reaching up to 35,000.

Subsequent Raids and Targeted Strikes

While the February raids caused the most extensive damage and casualties, Dresden was subjected to further attacks in the final months of the war. Three additional USAAF air raids followed, demonstrating a shift towards more specific tactical objectives:

• March 2, 1945: Two raids specifically targeted the city's railway marshalling yard, a critical logistical hub for German troop movements and supplies on the Eastern Front.
• April 17, 1945: A smaller, more precise raid focused on industrial areas within the city, aiming to disrupt remaining German war production capabilities.

The Enduring Debate: Justification and Controversy

From the moment the bombs fell, the Dresden raids ignited a fierce debate that continues to this day, making it one of World War II's most enduring "causes célèbres" – events that provoke widespread public interest and controversy. This discussion centers on the strategic necessity, proportionality, and moral implications of the bombing.

Arguments for Justification

A 1953 United States Air Force report offered a robust defense of the operation, asserting it was the justified bombing of a strategic target. Proponents of the raids highlighted Dresden's often-underestimated military and industrial significance:

• Major Transport Hub: Dresden served as a vital rail transport and communication center, connecting various parts of Germany and, crucially, facilitating troop movements and supplies to the Eastern Front, where the Red Army was advancing. Its marshalling yards were essential for reinforcing German defenses.
• Industrial Contribution: The city housed approximately 110 factories and employed around 50,000 workers directly supporting the German war effort. These industries produced a range of vital goods, including optical instruments, aircraft components, electrical equipment, and munitions.
• Support for Soviet Advance: The bombing was also viewed as a means to disrupt German logistical capabilities, thereby assisting the advancing Soviet forces on the Eastern Front, a key strategic objective of the Allied powers in early 1945.

Criticisms and Moral Questions

Conversely, the bombing of Dresden has drawn sharp criticism from various historians, commentators, and the public. Critics often argue:

• Cultural Landmark Status: Dresden was renowned as a city of art and culture, often referred to as "Florence on the Elbe," with its iconic baroque architecture (like the Frauenkirche, Zwinger, and Semperoper). Critics contend that its cultural significance far outweighed its strategic military value, especially at a point in the war when Germany's defeat was seemingly inevitable.
• Indiscriminate Area Bombing: Many argue that the attacks constituted indiscriminate area bombing, rather than precision targeting of military installations. The extensive destruction of the city center, primarily residential and historic areas, led to accusations that the raids were not proportionate to any potential military gains.
• Untargeted Infrastructure: Some researchers point out that not all key communication infrastructures, such as important bridges over the Elbe River, nor extensive industrial areas located outside the city center, were primary targets or effectively neutralized, questioning the efficiency and strategic focus of the raids.
• Accusations of War Crimes: Some critics have gone further, asserting that the raid constituted a war crime due to the perceived lack of military necessity and the high civilian casualties. While no individuals have ever been prosecuted, the debate touches on the evolving understanding of the laws of armed conflict.
• "Dresden's Holocaust of Bombs": Particularly within German far-right circles, the bombing is sometimes controversially framed as "Dresden's Holocaust of bombs" or "mass murder," equating it with atrocities committed by the Nazi regime. This terminology is widely rejected by mainstream historians as an attempt to relativize the Holocaust.

The Contested Death Toll and Historical Consensus

For decades after the war, wide variations in the reported death toll fueled the controversy surrounding the Dresden bombing. Initial German propaganda figures were drastically inflated, serving political purposes:

• Immediate German Propaganda: In March 1945, the German government ordered its press to publish a falsified casualty figure of 200,000 for the Dresden raids, with some claims reaching as high as 500,000. These figures were disseminated to portray the Allies as barbarians and to boost domestic morale.
• David Irving's Role: One of the main authors responsible for disseminating these inflated figures in the West was the British author and Holocaust denier, David Irving. His earlier works significantly contributed to the higher casualty narratives. However, Irving later announced that he had discovered the documentation he had worked from had been forged, and he subsequently accepted the lower, more accurate figures.
• Establishing Consensus: Despite the initial distortions, the numbers themselves are no longer a major point of contention among historians. Contemporary city authorities, shortly after the bombing, estimated up to 25,000 victims. This figure has been consistently supported by subsequent investigations, most notably a comprehensive study commissioned by the Dresden city council in 2010. This "Historikerkommission" (Historians' Commission), comprised of prominent German historians, meticulously analyzed all available records, concluding that the actual death toll was between 22,700 and 25,000.

Frequently Asked Questions About the Dresden Bombing

When did the main bombing of Dresden occur?

The primary and most destructive aerial bombing attacks on Dresden by British and American forces took place over three days, from 13 to 15 February 1945.

Which Allied air forces were involved in the Dresden raids?

The raids were a joint British-American operation, involving heavy bombers from the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF).

What was the estimated death toll from the Dresden bombing?

After extensive historical research, including a 2010 study commissioned by the Dresden city council, the estimated death toll is between 22,700 and 25,000 people. Earlier, significantly higher figures were largely disproven as propaganda.

Why is the bombing of Dresden considered controversial?

The controversy stems from debates over Dresden's strategic importance versus its cultural value, the use of area bombing tactics resulting in a high civilian death toll, and whether the raids were proportionate to military gains, particularly in the closing months of World War II.

What is a "firestorm" in the context of aerial bombing?

A firestorm is a conflagration that achieves such intensity that it creates its own wind system. High-explosive bombs break structures and create tinder, while incendiary bombs ignite fires. The rising superheated air draws in oxygen from all directions, creating hurricane-force winds that further fuel and spread the inferno, leading to catastrophic destruction and difficulty of escape.