Lew Wallace, American general, lawyer, and politician, 11th Governor of New Mexico Territory (d. 1905)
Lewis Wallace, born on April 10, 1827, in Brookville, Indiana, and passing away on February 15, 1905, was a quintessential American figure whose life embodied the diverse opportunities and challenges of the 19th century. A true polymath, Wallace distinguished himself across numerous fields: as a respected lawyer, a courageous Union general during the American Civil War, a territorial governor, a shrewd politician, a seasoned diplomat, and a celebrated author. While his contributions spanned a remarkable spectrum, it is arguably his literary masterpiece, the historical adventure novel Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (published in 1880), that secured his lasting place in history. This monumental work became an instant sensation, achieving best-seller status and earning the profound accolade of being called "the most influential Christian book of the nineteenth century," profoundly shaping popular perceptions of the early Christian era and inspiring countless readers across generations.

Early Life and Military Beginnings

Born into a prominent Indiana family, Lewis Wallace's intellectual curiosity and sense of duty were evident from an early age. His legal career laid a foundation for his meticulous approach, a trait that would serve him well in his later military and political endeavors. His first taste of military life came during the Mexican–American War, a formative experience that introduced him to the complexities of command and the realities of armed conflict. As the nation teetered on the brink of civil war, Wallace's commitment to the Union was unwavering. He quickly rose through the ranks, first appointed as Indiana's adjutant general, where he played a crucial role in organizing the state's volunteer forces. Soon after, he took command of the 11th Indiana Infantry Regiment, leading his men with distinction and demonstrating an early aptitude for leadership on the battlefield.

Key Engagements and Controversial Commissions During the Civil War

Wallace's military prowess became particularly evident during the American Civil War, where he ascended to the rank of major general. He played a significant, albeit sometimes controversial, role in several pivotal Union campaigns. He distinguished himself at the Battle of Fort Donelson in February 1862, where his brigade's timely actions contributed to a crucial Union victory. However, his reputation faced scrutiny after the Battle of Shiloh in April 1862. Accused of delaying his forces' arrival, a charge that contemporary historians largely dispute, Wallace was temporarily relieved of command, though he was later exonerated and returned to active duty. Perhaps one of his most critical contributions came during the 1864 Maryland Campaign, specifically at the Battle of Monocacy. Though a tactical defeat for the Union, Wallace's outnumbered forces managed to delay Confederate General Jubal Early's advance on Washington D.C., buying critical time for the capital's defenses to be reinforced and likely saving the city from capture. Beyond the direct combat, Wallace's legal background proved invaluable in his subsequent military commissions. He served as a member of the military court that tried the conspirators involved in the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln, a somber and nationally significant duty. Furthermore, he presided over the controversial trial of Captain Henry Wirz, the Confederate commandant of the infamous Andersonville prison camp, a trial that resulted in Wirz's conviction and execution for war crimes, solidifying Wallace's role in some of the most sensitive legal proceedings of the era.

Beyond the Battlefield: Politics and Diplomacy

With the Civil War concluded, Wallace resigned from the U.S. Army in November 1865. His adventurous spirit, however, soon led him to a brief but notable stint as a major general in the Mexican army, lending his expertise during a period of significant political upheaval in Mexico, before he returned to the United States. His life of public service continued as he transitioned into political and diplomatic roles. In 1878, President Rutherford B. Hayes appointed Wallace as the governor of the vast and often turbulent New Mexico Territory, a position he held until 1881. During his governorship, Wallace faced the challenging task of bringing law and order to a frontier fraught with conflict, most famously grappling with the notorious Lincoln County War, an escalating feud involving cattle barons and rival factions that often devolved into outright violence. His diplomatic career then took him across the globe when he was appointed U.S. Minister to the Ottoman Empire, serving from 1881 to 1885. This prestigious post, based in Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul), provided Wallace with a unique perspective on global affairs and rich cultural experiences that would undoubtedly influence his later writings.

The Literary Legacy: Ben-Hur and Beyond

While Wallace's military and political careers were distinguished, it is his literary output, particularly Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ, that etched his name into the annals of global culture. Published in 1880, this epic historical novel tells the story of Judah Ben-Hur, a fictional Jewish prince who navigates the tumultuous Roman Empire during the time of Jesus Christ, encountering themes of betrayal, redemption, and faith. Its immediate and phenomenal success was unprecedented for its time, cementing its place as one of the best-selling books of the 19th century and sparking a profound resurgence of interest in historical and biblical narratives. The novel's vivid descriptions, compelling characters, and spiritually resonant message, particularly its climactic chariot race and its depiction of Christ, captivated a wide audience and earned it the enduring label as "the most influential Christian book of the nineteenth century." Its popularity led to numerous stage adaptations, including a spectacular theatrical production that toured for decades, and later, iconic film adaptations, most notably the 1959 Academy Award-winning epic starring Charlton Heston. Beyond Ben-Hur, Wallace also penned other works, including the historical novel The Fair God; or, The Last of the 'Tzins (1873) and biographies, showcasing his versatility and deep engagement with historical narratives, though none achieved the universal acclaim of his magnum opus.

Later Years and Enduring Influence

Upon his return to the United States from his diplomatic posting, Lewis Wallace retired to his beloved home in Crawfordsville, Indiana. Despite leaving public service, his creative spirit remained vibrant. He continued to dedicate himself to writing, adding to his impressive body of work until his passing on February 15, 1905. Lewis Wallace's life stands as a testament to the power of a versatile and engaged mind. From the dusty battlefields of the Civil War and the challenging frontier of the American West to the intricate world of international diplomacy and the quiet solitude of his writing desk, his journey was marked by a relentless pursuit of knowledge, duty, and creative expression. His legacy, anchored by the timeless narrative of Ben-Hur, continues to resonate, reminding us of the profound impact one individual can have across military, political, and literary landscapes.

Frequently Asked Questions About Lewis Wallace

What is Lewis Wallace best known for?

Lewis Wallace is overwhelmingly best known for his historical adventure novel, Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ, published in 1880. This book achieved immense commercial success and critical acclaim, becoming one of the most influential Christian books of its era and inspiring numerous adaptations.

What was Lewis Wallace's role in the American Civil War?

Wallace served as a major general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He participated in significant battles such as Fort Donelson, Shiloh, and Monocacy, where his actions were crucial in delaying a Confederate advance on Washington D.C.

Did Lewis Wallace have a political career?

Yes, after his military service, Lewis Wallace held several prominent political and diplomatic positions. He served as the governor of the New Mexico Territory from 1878 to 1881 and later as the U.S. Minister to the Ottoman Empire from 1881 to 1885.

What was the significance of Ben-Hur?

Ben-Hur was groundbreaking for its blend of historical detail, adventure, and profound spiritual themes. It captivated audiences worldwide, selling millions of copies and widely influencing subsequent historical fiction and religious literature. It was famously adapted into several successful stage plays and iconic films, including the 1959 epic.

What other notable events was Lewis Wallace involved in?

Beyond his military campaigns and political appointments, Wallace played a significant role in historical legal proceedings. He was a member of the military commission that tried the Lincoln assassination conspirators and presided over the trial of Henry Wirz, the commandant of the notorious Andersonville prison camp.