Matthew C. Perry, English-Scottish American commander (d. 1858)

Matthew Calbraith Perry, born on April 10, 1794, and passing away on March 4, 1858, was a distinguished figure in American naval history, renowned for his multifaceted contributions to the United States Navy. His career spanned a dynamic period of global change, marked by both military engagement and profound technological advancements. Perry’s legacy is perhaps most famously tied to his pivotal role in compelling Japan to open its borders to the West, an event that reshaped international relations and the course of Japanese history.

Early Life and Distinguished Naval Service

Born into a prominent Rhode Island naval family, Matthew Calbraith Perry followed in the footsteps of his elder brother, Oliver Hazard Perry, a hero of the War of 1812. Matthew himself entered the U.S. Navy as a midshipman at the young age of 15 in 1809. His early years at sea were formative, exposing him to the rigors of naval life and the complexities of maritime warfare. He gained valuable experience commanding ships during various conflicts, including the War of 1812, where he participated in the defense of New York, and later in anti-piracy operations in the West Indies.

Perry’s career saw him rise steadily through the ranks, demonstrating leadership and strategic acumen. During the Mexican–American War (1846–1848), he commanded the Gulf Squadron, playing a significant role in the naval blockade and subsequent amphibious landings at Veracruz, a crucial campaign that helped secure American victory. His service in these conflicts cemented his reputation as a capable and seasoned naval officer, preparing him for the monumental tasks that lay ahead.

A Visionary for Naval Modernization and Education

Beyond his active command roles, Perry was a forward-thinking advocate for the modernization of the U.S. Navy. He keenly recognized the transformative power of emerging technologies, especially the steam engine. At a time when sailing vessels still dominated, Perry championed the adoption of steam propulsion, understanding that these new, powerful ships, less reliant on unpredictable winds, would revolutionize naval warfare and the projection of power across the globe. His relentless advocacy for a technologically advanced fleet earned him the esteemed, albeit unofficial, title of "The Father of the Steam Navy" in the United States.

Perry also harbored a deep interest in the professional development and education of naval officers. He observed the need for a more structured and comprehensive training system for the nation's future naval leaders. To that end, he actively assisted in the development of an apprentice system that significantly influenced and helped establish the curriculum at the nascent United States Naval Academy, founded in Annapolis, Maryland, in 1845. His efforts laid crucial groundwork for the rigorous academic and practical training that continues to define the academy today, ensuring a steady supply of well-prepared officers for the evolving navy.

The Expedition to Japan: Opening the Door to the West

Context of Japanese Isolation (Sakoku)

Perhaps Matthew C. Perry's most enduring legacy stems from his expedition to Japan. For over two centuries, Japan had maintained a policy of strict national isolation, known as sakoku, severely limiting foreign contact to a mere trickle of trade with the Dutch, Chinese, and Koreans at Nagasaki. This self-imposed seclusion, aimed at preventing foreign influence and the spread of Christianity, was increasingly at odds with the burgeoning global trade and expansionist ambitions of Western powers, particularly the United States, which sought coaling stations for its Pacific whaling fleet and safe haven for shipwrecked sailors.

Perry's Mission and Arrival

In 1852, Commodore Perry was dispatched by President Millard Fillmore with a clear mandate: to establish diplomatic relations with Japan and open its ports to American trade. Equipped with a squadron of four advanced warships, two of which were steam-powered frigates (the USS Susquehanna and USS Mississippi), Perry's expedition was a powerful display of Western technological might. On July 8, 1853, his "Black Ships" steamed into Uraga Harbor, near Edo (modern-day Tokyo), causing widespread alarm and awe among the Japanese. Perry strategically presented a letter from President Fillmore, demanding that Japan open its doors, and declared his intention to return for a reply.

The Convention of Kanagawa (1854)

True to his word, Perry returned in February 1854, this time with an even larger squadron of eight ships. His calculated blend of military display, firmness, and a degree of cultural sensitivity proved highly effective. After intense negotiations and a grand demonstration of Western technology (including a miniature steam locomotive and telegraph), the Japanese shogunate, realizing the futility of resistance against such advanced forces, reluctantly agreed to Perry's terms. On March 31, 1854, the historic Convention of Kanagawa was signed.

This landmark treaty effectively ended Japan's sakoku policy. It provided for:

• The opening of two Japanese ports (Shimoda and Hakodate) for American ships to take on provisions and conduct limited trade.
• Assistance and humane treatment for shipwrecked American sailors.
• The establishment of an American consulate in Shimoda.
• Most Favored Nation status for the United States, meaning any concessions Japan later granted to other nations would automatically apply to the U.S. as well.

The Convention of Kanagawa was a turning point, not only for Japan but for global geopolitics. It ushered in an era of rapid modernization and Westernization in Japan, leading ultimately to the Meiji Restoration and Japan's emergence as a major world power. Perry's diplomatic mission, executed with a unique blend of resolve and strategic diplomacy, stands as one of the most significant chapters in the history of international relations.

Frequently Asked Questions about Matthew Calbraith Perry

When and where was Matthew C. Perry born?

Matthew Calbraith Perry was born on April 10, 1794, likely in Newport, Rhode Island, into a distinguished naval family.

What was Perry's most famous achievement?

His most famous achievement was leading the expedition that opened Japan to the West through the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854, effectively ending Japan's two-century-long policy of national isolation.

Why was he called "The Father of the Steam Navy"?

He earned this title due to his persistent advocacy and pioneering efforts in promoting the adoption of steam-powered warships in the U.S. Navy, recognizing their strategic importance for modernization.

What significant wars did Perry participate in before the Japan expedition?

He commanded ships in several significant conflicts, including the War of 1812 and the Mexican–American War (1846–1848), where he played key roles in naval operations.

How did Perry contribute to naval education?

Perry was deeply interested in the professional development of naval officers. He assisted in the creation of an apprentice system that significantly influenced the curriculum and foundational structure of the United States Naval Academy.

What was the "Black Ships" incident?

The "Black Ships" refers to the American steam-powered warships commanded by Commodore Perry that arrived in Uraga Harbor, Japan, in 1853. Their dark hulls and advanced technology caused great alarm and fascination among the Japanese, symbolizing the arrival of Western power and a major turning point in their history.

What were the main outcomes of the Convention of Kanagawa?

The Convention of Kanagawa (1854) opened two Japanese ports (Shimoda and Hakodate) for American provisioning, ensured humane treatment for shipwrecked sailors, allowed for the establishment of an American consulate, and granted the United States "Most Favored Nation" status, effectively ending Japan's isolation.