Morarji Desai, Indian politician, 4th Prime Minister of India (b. 1896)

Born on February 29, 1896, in Bhadeli, Gujarat, Morarji Ranchhodji Desai's long and illustrious life spanned nearly a century, witnessing India's struggle for freedom and its formative years as an independent nation. A staunch follower of Mahatma Gandhi's principles, he was not only a dedicated independence activist but also emerged as a towering political figure, eventually serving as India's 4th Prime Minister from 1977 to 1979, leading the government formed by the Janata Party.

A Distinguished Career in Public Service

Desai's political journey was marked by significant responsibilities at both state and national levels. After India gained independence, he held the influential position of Chief Minister of Bombay State from 1952 to 1956, and then of the reorganized Bombay state until 1960, overseeing crucial administrative reforms and economic development in one of India's most dynamic regions. His astute administrative skills led him to the national stage, where he served as a key Union Minister, holding vital portfolios such as Home Minister and Finance Minister. His financial acumen was particularly notable, often advocating for fiscal discipline and prudent economic policies. Later, he was appointed India's 2nd Deputy Prime Minister from 1967 to 1969, a testament to his seniority and influence within the Congress party.

The Path to Prime Ministership: Contention and Coalition

The political landscape of India shifted dramatically following the unexpected demise of Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1966. Morarji Desai, a seasoned and respected leader, was a prominent contender for the top post. However, in a pivotal leadership contest within the Congress parliamentary party, he was ultimately defeated by Indira Gandhi, who then assumed the prime ministership. Despite this, he was appointed as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance in Indira Gandhi's cabinet, a strategic move to maintain party unity. This uneasy alliance, however, proved short-lived. The Congress party experienced a significant ideological and power-based split in 1969, largely over Indira Gandhi's assertive policies, including bank nationalization and the abolition of privy purses. Morarji Desai, aligning with the more conservative faction, resigned from the dominant Indian National Congress (R) and joined the Indian National Congress (Organization), or INC (O), becoming a vocal critic of Indira Gandhi's government.

The Emergency and the Janata Victory

The most tumultuous period in independent India's history, the Emergency declared in 1975, saw many opposition leaders, including Desai, imprisoned. His unwavering commitment to democratic principles during this dark phase further solidified his reputation. When the controversial Emergency was finally lifted in 1977, a united opposition, galvanized by the widespread public discontent against the ruling Congress, formed the Janata Party. This broad coalition of diverse political parties presented a formidable challenge in the 1977 general elections. The electorate delivered a historic verdict, ending decades of Congress rule at the Centre. Following this unprecedented victory, Morarji Desai was chosen to lead the new government, becoming India's first non-Congress Prime Minister at the venerable age of 81.

A Distinct Foreign Policy and Peace Advocacy

On the global stage, Prime Minister Desai championed a foreign policy rooted in peace and non-alignment, though with a distinct emphasis on 'genuine non-alignment,' seeking to balance India's relations with both superpowers. He is particularly remembered for his peace activism and concerted efforts to mend fences and foster understanding between India and its neighbours, especially Pakistan. Post India's first nuclear test in 1974, Desai played a crucial role in restoring more friendly relations with both China and Pakistan. He made it a priority to avoid armed conflict, explicitly moving away from the confrontational stance that had led to events like the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. His commitment to regional peace was recognized internationally, culminating in Pakistan conferring upon him its highest civilian award, the Nishan-e-Pakistan, on May 19, 1990, a rare honour for an Indian leader.

Legacy and Final Years

Morarji Desai holds a unique place in Indian political history as the oldest person to assume the office of Prime Minister, taking charge at 81. After his term as Prime Minister, he subsequently retired from all active political posts, though his influence continued as he campaigned for the Janata Party in the 1980 elections. His lifetime of service, marked by unwavering integrity, austere living, and a deep commitment to Gandhian ideals, was recognized with India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, which he received in 1991. Morarji Desai passed away on April 10, 1995, at the remarkable age of 99, leaving behind a legacy of principled leadership and an enduring impact on India's democratic journey.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Who was Morarji Desai?

Morarji Ranchhodji Desai was an Indian independence activist and politician who served as the 4th Prime Minister of India from 1977 to 1979. He was also a prominent figure in the Indian National Congress for decades, holding significant ministerial portfolios before his prime ministership.

When did Morarji Desai serve as Prime Minister?

He served as the Prime Minister of India from March 24, 1977, to July 28, 1979.

What made his prime ministership unique?

Morarji Desai became the first non-Congress Prime Minister of India, leading the Janata Party government after the Emergency. He also holds the distinction of being the oldest person to assume the office of Prime Minister, at the age of 81.

What significant roles did he hold before becoming PM?

His extensive political career included serving as the Chief Minister of Bombay State (1952-1960), Union Home Minister, Union Finance Minister, and the 2nd Deputy Prime Minister of India (1967-1969).

How was he involved in the Congress split of 1969?

He resigned from the dominant Indian National Congress (R) during the 1969 split, aligning with the INC (Organization) faction, becoming a prominent opposition figure against Indira Gandhi's government.

What was his foreign policy approach?

As Prime Minister, Desai advocated for a policy of 'genuine non-alignment' and was known for his peace activism. He made significant efforts to improve relations with Pakistan and China and vowed to avoid armed conflict in the region.

What major awards did he receive?

He was conferred with India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, in 1991. Additionally, he received Pakistan's highest civilian award, the Nishan-e-Pakistan, on May 19, 1990, for his efforts towards peace.

What is his age record as Prime Minister?

Morarji Desai became Prime Minister at the age of 81, making him the oldest person to hold that office in the history of Indian politics.