Caffarelli, Italian actor and singer (d. 1783)

The Illustrious Voice of Caffarelli: Gaetano Majorano, a Castrato Luminary

Gaetano Majorano, born on April 12, 1710, and departing this world on January 31, 1783, was an extraordinary figure in the annals of 18th-century Italian opera. Universally recognized by his captivating stage name, Caffarelli, he rose to become one of the most celebrated and highly sought-after castrato singers of his era, a period when such voices commanded immense admiration and influence across European courts and opera houses.

Early Life and Formative Years: The Discipline of Porpora

Born in Bitonto, in the Kingdom of Naples, Majorano's remarkable vocal talent was identified early, leading him down the path chosen for many gifted young boys in Italy at the time: that of a castrato. This controversial yet culturally significant practice aimed to preserve the pre-pubescent range and purity of the male voice, transforming it into an instrument of unparalleled agility, power, and ethereal beauty.

Crucially, Caffarelli's artistic development was profoundly shaped by his tutelage under the renowned Neapolitan composer and vocal pedagogue, Nicola Porpora. Porpora’s academy was legendary for its rigorous training, often involving years of intense study focused on vocal technique, ornamentation, breath control, and dramatic interpretation. It was a demanding regimen designed to forge operatic superstars, and Caffarelli, much like his famous contemporary and fellow Porpora student, Farinelli (Carlo Broschi), emerged from this crucible as a vocal titan. The shared mentorship under Porpora created a friendly rivalry and a common standard of excellence that defined the peak of bel canto singing.

A Star on the European Stage: Caffarelli's Career

From his debut, Caffarelli's voice captivated audiences. Described as possessing a voice of exceptional range, sweetness, and brilliance, he was celebrated not only for his astonishing vocal pyrotechnics and effortless ornamentation but also for his compelling stage presence and dramatic flair. He quickly became a sensation, performing in major operatic centers across Italy and beyond, including Rome, Venice, Milan, and London. His career was marked by numerous triumphs, starring in operas by some of the greatest composers of his time, including Handel, Hasse, and of course, his own mentor, Porpora. His ability to move audiences with both his virtuosity and his profound emotional expression cemented his status as a true legend of the operatic stage.

Legacy and Impact

Caffarelli's career spanned several decades, influencing subsequent generations of singers and contributing significantly to the golden age of bel canto opera. He embodied the pinnacle of castrato singing, leaving an indelible mark on 18th-century musical culture. Though the practice of castrati eventually faded, the extraordinary vocal artistry and emotional depth they brought to the stage, epitomized by figures like Caffarelli, remain a fascinating and integral chapter in the history of classical music.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Who was Gaetano Majorano?

Gaetano Majorano, better known by his stage name Caffarelli, was an extremely famous Italian castrato and opera singer of the 18th century, renowned for his exceptional vocal talent and dramatic stage presence.

What does "castrato" mean?

A castrato was a male singer who was castrated before puberty to prevent the voice from deepening, thus preserving the high soprano or alto range and purity, combined with the lung power of an adult. This practice was common in 17th and 18th-century European opera and church music.

Who was Nicola Porpora?

Nicola Porpora was a highly influential Italian Baroque composer and renowned vocal teacher, particularly in Naples. He trained many of the most famous castrati and opera singers of his era, including both Caffarelli and Farinelli.

How was Caffarelli similar to Farinelli?

Both Caffarelli and Farinelli were among the most celebrated castrato opera singers of the 18th century. Crucially, they both received their rigorous and highly effective vocal training under the tutelage of the legendary maestro, Nicola Porpora, which contributed significantly to their extraordinary vocal prowess and shared virtuosity.

What kind of music did Caffarelli typically perform?

Caffarelli primarily performed in Italian opera, particularly opera seria, which was the dominant form of serious Italian opera during the Baroque and early Classical periods. His roles often featured elaborate arias designed to showcase his vocal agility, range, and expressive capabilities within the bel canto style.