Elizabeth Hamilton, Countess of Orkney (b. 1655)

Elizabeth Hamilton, a figure of considerable intrigue and influence in the late 17th and early 18th-century British aristocracy, was born Elizabeth Villiers in 1657. Hailing from the distinguished Villiers family, a lineage celebrated for its deep roots and extensive connections within English court and political circles, her birth name signified her eminent social standing. She would later achieve further prominence and a new identity as the Countess of Orkney through marriage. Elizabeth’s life story is inextricably woven into the fabric of a pivotal period in British history, marked by her significant, and often debated, association with William III & II, who reigned as King of England and Scotland, and her devoted service to his co-monarch and wife, Queen Mary II.

Life at the Royal Court

Her entry into the royal court saw Elizabeth Villiers appointed to the esteemed position of a lady-in-waiting to Queen Mary II. This role was far more than a ceremonial title; it was a demanding and privileged position that required close attendance to the Queen, offering personal assistance with daily routines, participating in the elaborate courtly events, and frequently serving as a trusted confidante or companion. Being a lady-in-waiting placed her at the very epicentre of power and influence, affording her a unique and intimate perspective on the intricate workings of the monarchy. It was within this dynamic and often tumultuous environment that she navigated the complex social and political currents of the Glorious Revolution era, serving a Queen who, alongside her Dutch husband, profoundly reshaped the future trajectory of the British Isles.

Allegiance and Allegations: The Royal Connection

Perhaps the most extensively discussed and debated aspect of Elizabeth Hamilton’s life centres on her purported relationship with William III & II. From approximately 1680 until 1695, she was widely reputed to be the King's mistress. This period notably began before William’s ascent to the English throne with Mary II, commencing during his time as Stadtholder of the Netherlands, and continued into his early years as King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Such liaisons, while often managed with discretion, were not uncommon in European royal courts of the era, though they invariably attracted considerable public scrutiny, gossip, and moral debate. The alleged affair, which spanned over a decade, strongly suggests a sustained and significant personal connection between Elizabeth Villiers and the monarch. While precise historical records offer varying degrees of direct corroboration, her enduring proximity to the King and the substantial favours granted to her, most notably a significant land grant in Ireland, collectively contributed to the persistent and widespread belief in their romantic involvement. This connection often placed her in a delicate and potentially precarious position, especially given her official role serving Queen Mary II, whose own relationship with William, though politically indispensable, was known to be deeply complex and occasionally strained.

Marriage, Peerage, and Later Years

In 1695, a year often cited by historians as the conclusion of her alleged relationship with King William, Elizabeth Villiers embarked on a new chapter by marrying Lord George Hamilton. George Hamilton was a distinguished military officer, a younger son of the influential Duke of Hamilton, and a prominent figure in his own right, known for his loyalty and service to the Crown. For his exemplary military contributions, he was later elevated to the peerage, becoming the 1st Earl of Orkney in 1696, thereby bestowing upon Elizabeth the title of Countess of Orkney. This marriage significantly solidified her position within the highest echelons of the British aristocracy and provided her with a legitimate and highly respected status, distancing her publicly from earlier courtly rumours. The couple went on to have three daughters: Lady Anne, Lady Frances, and Lady Harriet, ensuring the continuation of their esteemed lineage. Elizabeth Hamilton, Countess of Orkney, lived a remarkably long life, passing away on April 19, 1733, at the age of 76. Her life journey spanned a truly transformative period in British history, and she remained a notable figure long after her direct association with the royal court had waned, perpetually remembered for her sharp intelligence, keen wit, and an enduring presence in the fascinating annals of court history.

Frequently Asked Questions about Elizabeth Hamilton, Countess of Orkney

Who was Elizabeth Hamilton, Countess of Orkney?

Elizabeth Hamilton, born Elizabeth Villiers, was an influential English courtier and a lady-in-waiting to Queen Mary II. She is historically significant for her widely reputed, long-term relationship with King William III & II, which reportedly spanned from 1680 to 1695.

What was her family background?

She was born into the prominent Villiers family, an aristocratic English lineage renowned for its extensive connections and influence within the royal court and wider society.

What was her role at court?

Elizabeth Villiers served as a lady-in-waiting to Queen Mary II, a position that entailed close attendance, personal support, and active participation in the daily life and ceremonial duties of the royal court.

Was she officially recognized as King William III & II's mistress?

While she was widely reputed to be his mistress, particularly during the period from 1680 to 1695, such relationships were rarely, if ever, officially recognized in the same manner as legitimate marriages. However, her close proximity to the King and certain substantial favours granted to her, such as significant land in Ireland, strongly bolstered this historical belief.

When did she become the Countess of Orkney?

She became the Countess of Orkney in 1696 when her husband, Lord George Hamilton, was created the 1st Earl of Orkney in recognition of his distinguished military service. They had married the previous year, in 1695.