Thein Sein, Burmese general and politician, 8th President of Burma

Thein Sein, born on April 20, 1944, emerged as a pivotal figure in Myanmar's modern history. A distinguished Burmese politician, a revered Buddhist monk, and a retired general from the Myanmar Army, he assumed the demanding role of the eighth President of Myanmar, serving from 2011 to 2016. His tenure marked a transformative period for the nation, guiding it from decades of military rule towards a more open and democratic future.

The Path to Presidency

Before his presidency, Thein Sein's career was deeply rooted in the military, a common path for many leaders in Myanmar's recent past. He rose through the ranks of the Myanmar Army, eventually retiring as a general. This military background provided him with significant experience in governance and leadership, which he later brought to civilian administration. His political journey saw him serve as Prime Minister from 2007 to 2010 under the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC), the ruling military junta at the time. This period was crucial in preparing him for the highest office, as he became intimately familiar with the country's complex political landscape and administrative challenges.

A Period of Significant Reforms

Upon taking office as president in 2011, Thein Sein initiated a series of bold and unexpected reforms that earned him the moniker of a 'reformist leader' both within Myanmar and internationally. These changes were aimed at steering the long-isolated nation away from authoritarian rule and fostering greater engagement with the global community. His administration tackled various critical areas, fundamentally altering the political and social fabric of Myanmar.

Political Freedoms and Media Liberalization

One of the most immediate and impactful reforms was the significant deregulation of the country's tightly censored media. Decades of strict control over information began to recede, leading to the abolition of pre-publication censorship and a flourishing of independent news outlets. This move was complemented by a broader push for political reforms, including amendments to electoral laws and the legalization of peaceful public assembly, signaling a genuine, albeit cautious, move towards democratic practices.

Release of Political Prisoners

Perhaps the most emotionally resonant reform was the release of hundreds of political prisoners, many of whom had languished in jails for years under previous military regimes. This included prominent dissidents, journalists, and activists. This act of amnesty was a powerful gesture, symbolizing a break from the past and a commitment to human rights, earning praise from international organizations and governments alike.

The Myitsone Dam Suspension: A Symbol of Sovereignty

A highly controversial large Chinese-led hydropower project, the Myitsone Dam, became a focal point of national debate. Concerns over environmental degradation, the displacement of local communities, and the perception of undue Chinese influence fueled widespread public opposition. In a landmark decision that resonated deeply with the Burmese people, Thein Sein's government announced the suspension of the project. This move was widely seen as a testament to the government's responsiveness to public sentiment and a bold assertion of national sovereignty, marking a significant shift from previous policies.

Economic Liberalization

Beyond political and social reforms, Thein Sein’s government also took steps towards economic liberalization. These reforms, a natural complement to the political opening, aimed to attract foreign investment, stimulate economic growth, and integrate Myanmar into the global economy after years of international sanctions. These changes laid the groundwork for future development and improved the livelihoods of many citizens.

Re-engagement with the World

The profound changes initiated under Thein Sein's leadership profoundly impacted Myanmar's standing on the international stage. The nation, once largely isolated, began to re-engage with the global community with renewed vigor.

Chairing ASEAN and Improved US Relations

A significant marker of this re-engagement was Myanmar's appointment to chair the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 2014, a powerful symbol of its acceptance back into the regional fold. Simultaneously, relations with the United States significantly improved, leading to the easing and eventual lifting of long-standing sanctions, and a resumption of diplomatic ties and cooperation.

Aung San Suu Kyi and the NLD's Return

Crucially, Thein Sein's presidency saw the release of Nobel Laureate Aung San Suu Kyi from house arrest, a move that had been a long-standing international demand. Her release paved the way for her and her major opposition party, the National League for Democracy (NLD), to re-enter mainstream politics. The NLD's reinstatement was solidified with their participation and overwhelming victory in the by-election held on April 1, 2012, setting the stage for the historic 2015 general election where Aung San Suu Kyi became Thein Sein’s political rival.

Legacy and Post-Presidency

Thein Sein's presidency concluded with the peaceful transfer of power following the 2015 general election, a historic moment for Myanmar. Although his party did not win, he oversaw a transition that many thought impossible just years before. After leaving office, Thein Sein continued to maintain a lower public profile, eventually donning the saffron robes of a Buddhist monk, reflecting a deep-seated cultural tradition in Myanmar where spiritual life often follows significant public service.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Who is Thein Sein?

Thein Sein is a prominent Burmese politician and retired general who served as the eighth President of Myanmar from 2011 to 2016. He was also a Buddhist monk, a significant detail reflecting Burmese culture, and previously held the position of Prime Minister.

What were his major reforms as President?

During his presidency, Thein Sein initiated significant political and social reforms. Key actions included deregulating the country's censored media, releasing hundreds of political prisoners, and halting the controversial Chinese-led Myitsone Dam hydropower project. His government also oversaw the re-entry of the National League for Democracy (NLD) into the political process.

Why was he considered a "reformist"?

He earned the title of 'reformist' because his actions marked a substantial departure from the decades of authoritarian military rule that preceded his administration. He opened up the country politically, socially, and economically, which was unexpected and transformative for Myanmar, moving it towards greater democracy and international engagement.

What was the significance of the Myitsone Dam project's suspension?

The suspension of the Myitsone Dam was highly significant. It demonstrated the government's responsiveness to public concerns regarding environmental impact, displacement of local communities, and national sovereignty in the face of foreign investment. It was widely viewed as a victory for the Burmese people and a symbol of their growing voice.

How did his presidency impact Myanmar's international standing?

Thein Sein's reforms led to a dramatic improvement in Myanmar's international relations. The country was appointed to chair ASEAN in 2014, and diplomatic ties with the United States improved significantly, leading to the easing and eventual lifting of long-standing international sanctions. These developments ended Myanmar's long period of isolation.

What happened after his presidency?

Following the 2015 general election, which saw the National League for Democracy (NLD) secure a landslide victory, Thein Sein oversaw a peaceful transition of power. After leaving office, he retired from politics and, in line with a common cultural practice in Myanmar, reportedly became a Buddhist monk for a period, dedicating himself to spiritual life.