Margaret Fell, English religious leader, founded the Religious Society of Friends (b. 1614)

Margaret Fell, also known by her later married name Margaret Fox (1614 – 23 April 1702), stands as an undeniably pivotal figure in the formation and early sustenance of the Religious Society of Friends, more commonly known as the Quakers. Born into a prominent Lancashire family, her life spanned a tumultuous century marked by civil war and profound religious shifts in England. She wasn't just a participant; she was a cornerstone, instrumental in shaping the movement from its nascent stages.

A Life of Dedication and Influence

Before her significant involvement with the Quakers, Margaret married Thomas Fell, a respected judge and Member of Parliament. Their family home, Swarthmoor Hall in Cumbria, was a comfortable estate, providing a stable foundation for their children. It was into this very home, in 1652, that George Fox, often credited as the primary founder of Quakerism, arrived. Fox's powerful spiritual message resonated deeply with Margaret, leading to her conversion and, subsequently, the transformation of Swarthmoor Hall into a vibrant spiritual hearth for the nascent Quaker movement.

Swarthmoor Hall: A Quaker Sanctuary

Following her conversion, Margaret Fell opened her home and her heart to the early Friends. Swarthmoor Hall became much more than just a residence; it served as a crucial administrative hub, a meeting place for spiritual fellowship, and a sanctuary for traveling Quaker ministers who were often weary and persecuted. Her organizational skills were legendary, as she managed the practical affairs of the growing movement, handling correspondence, distributing funds, and offering hospitality and spiritual counsel to countless individuals. This pivotal role in providing a stable base for a persecuted community earned her the affectionate and enduring title, "the mother of Quakerism."

Advocacy, Writings, and Persecution

Margaret Fell’s contributions extended far beyond domestic administration. She was a fearless advocate for Quakers facing persecution, often interceding with authorities on their behalf. Her commitment led to her own imprisonment in Lancaster Castle for refusing to take an oath of allegiance and for allowing Quaker meetings to continue at Swarthmoor Hall. During her time in prison, she authored significant theological works, most notably "Women's Speaking Justified, Proved and Allowed of by the Scriptures" (1666). This powerful treatise eloquently defended the spiritual equality of women and their right to preach, a radical stance for the 17th century that profoundly influenced Quaker views on gender and ministry.

Her dedication also saw her numbered among the Valiant Sixty, a designation for the first generation of Quaker preachers and missionaries who courageously traveled throughout England and beyond, spreading the Quaker message despite immense personal risk and societal opposition. Her inclusion in this group underscores her active and pioneering role in missionary endeavors.

Family and Legacy

After the death of her first husband, Thomas Fell, Margaret eventually married George Fox in 1669. This union solidified a deep spiritual and personal partnership, though she continued to manage her estate and maintain her independent ministry. Her influence was also evident in her family; her daughters, Isabel (Fell) Yeamans and Sarah Fell, followed in her footsteps, becoming leading Quakers in their own right, demonstrating the enduring impact of her spiritual leadership and commitment within her immediate family and and the wider Quaker community.

Frequently Asked Questions about Margaret Fell

Who was Margaret Fell?

Margaret Fell, later Margaret Fox, was a prominent 17th-century English Quaker leader, often recognized as one of the founders of the Religious Society of Friends. She played a crucial role in establishing and nurturing the early Quaker movement.

Why is she called the "mother of Quakerism"?

This title reflects her invaluable contributions to the early Quaker movement. She provided a spiritual home and administrative center at Swarthmoor Hall, offered financial and logistical support, and was a steadfast advocate and spiritual guide for numerous early Friends during a period of intense persecution.

What was the significance of Swarthmoor Hall?

Swarthmoor Hall, Margaret Fell's home, became the unofficial headquarters and spiritual heart of the early Quaker movement. It served as a vital meeting place, a sanctuary for traveling ministers, and a center for correspondence and coordination of Quaker activities throughout England.

What were the "Valiant Sixty"?

The "Valiant Sixty" was a group of dedicated early Quaker preachers and missionaries, including Margaret Fell, who embarked on extensive journeys to spread the Quaker message across England and sometimes internationally. They faced considerable hardship and persecution for their beliefs.

Did Margaret Fell write any notable works?

Yes, her most significant work is "Women's Speaking Justified, Proved and Allowed of by the Scriptures" (1666). In this influential text, she passionately argued for the spiritual equality of women and their right to preach and minister within the church, based on scriptural interpretations.

What was her connection to George Fox?

Margaret Fell married George Fox, the acknowledged principal founder of Quakerism, in 1669, after the death of her first husband. Their marriage was a partnership of two deeply committed spiritual leaders, further strengthening the Quaker movement.