Peter Matthiessen, American novelist, short story writer, editor, co-founded The Paris Review (b. 1927)

Peter Matthiessen, born on May 22, 1927, and passing on April 5, 2014, was a figure of remarkable depth and versatility in American letters and beyond. More than just a writer, he was a naturalist, a wilderness advocate, a devoted Zen teacher, and, perhaps surprisingly to some, an intelligence officer. His life was a testament to intellectual curiosity and an unyielding commitment to both the natural world and social justice.

A Life of Diverse Pursuits: From Spy to Sage

Matthiessen's early years saw him entangled with the Central Intelligence Agency, a role that often seemed at odds with his later public persona but undeniably shaped his understanding of the world. However, it was his profound literary contributions that truly cemented his place in history. In 1953, he became a co-founder of the seminal literary magazine, The Paris Review. This quarterly publication quickly established itself as a cornerstone of literary culture, launching the careers of many significant writers and providing a platform for in-depth interviews with literary giants. Matthiessen's involvement in its inception underscored his commitment to fostering new voices and serious literary engagement, even as his own career was just beginning to unfurl.

Unparalleled Literary Acclaim: A Double National Book Award Winner

His exceptional talent was recognized with a rare distinction: Matthiessen remains the only writer to have won the prestigious National Book Award in both nonfiction and fiction categories. His nonfiction masterpiece, The Snow Leopard, earned him the award in 1979 under the category of Contemporary Thought, a testament to its philosophical depth and its vivid exploration of the natural world. Decades later, in 2008, his epic novel, Shadow Country, secured the fiction award. This dual achievement highlights his extraordinary range and his ability to master different forms of storytelling with equal brilliance. Beyond his literary pursuits, Peter Matthiessen was also a prominent and passionate environmental activist, tirelessly advocating for the preservation of wild spaces and the protection of endangered species, embodying the very spirit of the natural world he so eloquently described.

Literary Contributions: Weaving Nature, History, and Narrative

Matthiessen's body of work is characterized by its meticulous research, lyrical prose, and a deep sense of inquiry. His nonfiction often delved into themes of nature and travel, with The Snow Leopard (1978) standing out as a meditative and profound journey through the Himalayas, blending travelogue with spiritual reflection. This book didn't just document a quest for a rare animal; it explored inner landscapes and the essence of Zen Buddhism, making it a cultural phenomenon that resonated deeply with readers seeking meaning beyond the material.

Exploring American Indian Issues and Controversies

Another significant thread in his nonfiction explored American Indian issues and history, notably his detailed and often controversial study of the Leonard Peltier case, titled In the Spirit of Crazy Horse (1983). This work immersed readers in the complex legal and political battles surrounding the American Indian Movement, sparking significant debate and drawing both praise for its investigative journalism and criticism for its perceived bias. It highlighted Matthiessen's unwavering commitment to giving voice to marginalized communities and shedding light on often-overlooked historical injustices.

Powerful Fiction Adapted for the Screen

His fiction, rich with psychological insight and vivid settings, also captivated audiences beyond the printed page. An early short story, "Travelin' Man," was adapted into the 1960 film The Young One by the acclaimed director Luis Buñuel, showcasing Matthiessen's early talent for compelling narratives. Later, his powerful 1965 novel, At Play in the Fields of the Lord, which explored the clash of cultures and spiritual seeking in the Amazon, was brought to the big screen in 1991, further demonstrating the enduring appeal of his storytelling.

The Magnum Opus: Shadow Country

In 2008, at the age of 81, Matthiessen achieved another pinnacle with Shadow Country. This monumental, 890-page novel was a sweeping revision and consolidation of his earlier three novels set in frontier Florida, which had originally been published in the 1990s. This unified work, a true literary achievement, presented a cohesive and sprawling narrative that critics lauded. Michael Dirda, a renowned literary critic, eloquently captured the essence of Matthiessen's writing, stating, "No one writes more lyrically [than Matthiessen] about animals or describes more movingly the spiritual experience of mountaintops, savannas, and the sea." This sentiment encapsulates the blend of scientific observation, spiritual depth, and poetic language that defined Peter Matthiessen's unparalleled literary voice.

A Final Chapter: Legacy and Lasting Impact

Peter Matthiessen faced a battle with acute leukemia for over a year. He passed away on April 5, 2014, leaving behind an extraordinary legacy of literature and activism. Poignantly, his final novel, In Paradise, was published just three days after his death on April 8, serving as a powerful capstone to a life dedicated to exploration, understanding, and the art of storytelling.

Frequently Asked Questions About Peter Matthiessen

Who was Peter Matthiessen?

Peter Matthiessen (1927–2014) was a highly acclaimed American novelist, naturalist, wilderness writer, Zen teacher, and former CIA officer. He was known for his diverse interests and his profound literary contributions to both fiction and nonfiction.

What are his most famous works?

His most famous works include the nonfiction masterpiece The Snow Leopard (1978) and the award-winning novel Shadow Country (2008). Other notable works include In the Spirit of Crazy Horse (1983) and At Play in the Fields of the Lord (1965).

What awards did Peter Matthiessen win?

Peter Matthiessen uniquely won the National Book Award in both nonfiction (for The Snow Leopard in 1979) and fiction (for Shadow Country in 2008). He received numerous other accolades throughout his career for his literary and environmental work.

What was his role with The Paris Review?

Peter Matthiessen was a co-founder of the influential literary magazine The Paris Review in 1953, playing a pivotal role in establishing one of the most respected journals in contemporary literature.

Was he involved in environmental activism?

Yes, Peter Matthiessen was a prominent environmental activist, using his platform and his deep understanding of the natural world to advocate for conservation and environmental protection.