Frederick II, duke of Swabia (b. 1090)

Frederick II, a prominent figure in the early 12th-century Holy Roman Empire, held the esteemed title of Duke of Swabia from 1105 until his passing on April 6, 1147. Born around 1090, he was a key member of the burgeoning Hohenstaufen dynasty, which would come to leave an indelible mark on medieval European history. His reign as duke marked him as the second from this powerful family to govern the Duchy of Swabia, a significant territory within the imperial structure.

His most enduring and distinctive epithet, "The One-Eyed" (often rendered as Monoculus in Latin chronicles), hints at a physical characteristic that set him apart. While the precise circumstances behind this nickname are not extensively detailed in surviving historical records, such a designation in an age of chivalry and warfare would have been both a recognizable identifier and possibly a testament to his resilience or experiences in battle.

Frederick II's life was intertwined with the political ambitions and successes of his family. He played a crucial supportive role, particularly in the ascendancy of his younger brother, Conrad. In 1138, this same brother was elected King of the Romans, a pivotal moment that solidified the Hohenstaufen's position among the leading princely families of the Empire and intensified their rivalry with other powerful houses, most notably the Welfs. Frederick's contributions as Duke of Swabia thus laid important groundwork for his dynasty's future imperial dominance.

Frequently Asked Questions About Frederick II

Who was Frederick II?

Frederick II (c. 1090 – April 6, 1147) was the Duke of Swabia from 1105 until his death. He was a significant member of the Hohenstaufen dynasty and the elder brother of Conrad III, who became King of the Romans.

What was the Hohenstaufen dynasty?

The Hohenstaufen dynasty was a German noble family that produced several Holy Roman Emperors and Kings of Germany during the Middle Ages (roughly 12th and 13th centuries). They were one of the most powerful and influential families in medieval Europe.

Why was Frederick II called "The One-Eyed"?

Frederick II was known by the epithet "The One-Eyed" (Latin: Monoculus). While historical sources do not provide precise details about how he lost an eye, this nickname was a distinguishing characteristic attributed to him during his lifetime.

What was the significance of his brother Conrad?

Frederick II's younger brother, Conrad, was elected King of the Romans in 1138. This election was a major triumph for the Hohenstaufen dynasty, establishing their claim to the imperial throne and marking a critical period of political consolidation and rivalry within the Holy Roman Empire, particularly with the Welf family.

What role did the Duchy of Swabia play?

The Duchy of Swabia was one of the stem duchies of medieval Germany, holding considerable strategic and political importance within the Holy Roman Empire. As Duke of Swabia, Frederick II commanded a significant military and administrative territory, contributing to the power base of the Hohenstaufen family.