Aelred of Rievaulx, English monk and saint (b. 1110)

Aelred of Rievaulx: A Luminary of Medieval Spirituality and Cistercian Leadership

Born in Hexham, Northumberland, in 1110, and passing away on 12 January 1167, Aelred of Rievaulx – also known by the variations Ailred, Ælred, and Æthelred, and in Latin as Aelredus Riaevallensis – stands as one of the most significant English Cistercian monks and writers of the 12th century. His profound influence on monastic life and Christian spirituality has led to his veneration as a saint by both Anglicans and Catholics.

Early Life and Monastic Vocation

Aelred’s formative years were spent not in the cloister but at the royal court of King David I of Scotland, where his father was a priest. This upbringing provided him with a unique perspective on the secular world before he chose the monastic path. Around 1134, he joined the nascent Cistercian community at Rievaulx Abbey in North Yorkshire, a monastery founded just two years prior, in 1132. The Cistercian Order, known for its strict adherence to the Rule of Saint Benedict, emphasized austerity, manual labor, and spiritual contemplation, offering a stark contrast to the intellectual and courtly life Aelred had previously experienced. His decision to embrace this rigorous way of life underscored his deep spiritual conviction and commitment to a more disciplined pursuit of God.

A Transformative Abbot of Rievaulx

In 1147, Aelred was elected Abbot of Rievaulx, a position he held with immense dedication and wisdom until his death twenty years later. Under his abbatial leadership, Rievaulx Abbey flourished, becoming one of the largest and most influential Cistercian monasteries in England. During his tenure, the community grew remarkably, at one point housing over 140 monks and a significantly larger number of lay brothers, potentially exceeding 600 individuals. This growth reflected not only Aelred's organizational acumen but also his ability to inspire and guide a large spiritual family. He was instrumental in establishing new Cistercian foundations, including Woburn Abbey and Revesby Abbey, further extending the reach and influence of the Cistercian charism across England.

A Prolific Medieval Writer and Spiritual Master

Aelred of Rievaulx is widely recognized for his extensive and influential writings, which profoundly shaped medieval spiritual thought. His works reflect a deep understanding of human psychology, a profound commitment to charity, and a distinctive focus on the importance of love and friendship within the Christian life. Among his most celebrated treatises are:

• Speculum caritatis (The Mirror of Charity): This foundational work explores the nature of divine and human love, emphasizing charity as the core of monastic life and Christian existence. It delves into the practical application of love in daily living and spiritual growth.
• De spiritali amicitia (On Spiritual Friendship): Perhaps his most famous contribution, this treatise explores the concept of friendship rooted in Christ. Aelred draws parallels with classical ideas of friendship but elevates them through a Christian lens, presenting spiritual friendship as a pathway to God and a reflection of divine love. It remains a cornerstone for discussions on Christian interpersonal relationships.
• Historical Works: Aelred also penned significant historical texts, including the Genealogia regum Anglorum (Genealogy of the Kings of England), offering insights into the historical context of his time, and the Relatio de standardo (Relation of the Standard), which describes the Battle of the Standard (1138). His hagiographical works, such as the Life of Edward the Confessor, further demonstrate his literary breadth.
• Sermons: Aelred's numerous sermons offer practical spiritual guidance and reveal his compassionate pastoral approach.

His writings are characterized by their eloquence, theological depth, and warm, empathetic tone, often earning him the reputation as the "Cicero of the Cistercians" for his sophisticated Latin style. He consistently advocated for a spirituality centered on compassion and tenderness, drawing on the humanity of Christ.

Sainthood and Enduring Legacy

Aelred of Rievaulx's exceptional piety, wisdom, and profound impact on monastic life and spiritual literature led to his widespread veneration. He is formally recognized as a saint by the Anglican Communion and holds the status of a saint within the Roman Catholic Church, particularly within the Cistercian Order, with his feast day observed on January 12th. While not formally canonized through the modern, centralized process of the Roman Catholic Church, his cultus (veneration) dates back to immediately after his death and has been consistently upheld through the centuries, confirming his recognition as a holy figure.

Despite suffering from debilitating illnesses, including kidney stones and arthritis, for much of his later life, Aelred remained dedicated to his monastic duties and literary pursuits, serving as an inspiring example of perseverance and faith. His teachings on spiritual friendship, love, and community continue to resonate deeply, offering timeless wisdom for contemporary seekers of spiritual growth and authentic human connection. Today, Aelred of Rievaulx is remembered not only as a historically significant abbot but as a timeless spiritual guide whose insights into the human heart and its longing for God remain remarkably relevant.

Frequently Asked Questions about Aelred of Rievaulx

When and where was Aelred of Rievaulx born and when did he die?

Aelred of Rievaulx was born in Hexham, Northumberland, England, in 1110 and passed away on 12 January 1167 at Rievaulx Abbey.

What was Aelred of Rievaulx's primary role in the Cistercian Order?

He served as the Abbot of Rievaulx from 1147 until his death in 1167. Under his leadership, Rievaulx became one of the most prominent Cistercian abbeys in England, growing significantly in both size and influence.

What are some of Aelred of Rievaulx's most important literary works?

His most significant works include Speculum caritatis (The Mirror of Charity) and De spiritali amicitia (On Spiritual Friendship). He also wrote several historical texts and numerous sermons.

Why is Aelred of Rievaulx considered a saint?

He is regarded as a saint by Anglicans and Catholics due to his profound piety, spiritual wisdom, influential writings on Christian love and friendship, and his dedicated leadership as an abbot. His veneration began shortly after his death and has been maintained through the centuries.

What are the key themes in Aelred of Rievaulx's spirituality?

Aelred's spirituality is characterized by a strong emphasis on love, spiritual friendship, charity, compassion, and the humanity of Christ. He viewed authentic human relationships as a path to understanding and experiencing divine love.