Evangelos Averoff, Greek historian and politician, Greek Minister for National Defence (b. 1910)

Evangelos Averof-Tossizza (Greek: Ευάγγελος Αβέρωφ Τοσίτσας), a towering figure in 20th-century Greek politics and intellectual life, was born in Trikala, Greece, on April 17, 1910. The son of Anastasios Averof, he left an indelible mark as a prominent right-wing politician, a distinguished author, and a key player in shaping Greece's post-World War II trajectory, including its transition to democracy and integration into European institutions. His extensive body of work includes several influential books on political and historical subjects, reflecting his deep engagement with the challenges and transformations facing his nation, up until his passing in Athens on January 2, 1990.

Early Life and Political Ascent

Born into a respected family, Evangelos Averof-Tossizza pursued higher education with a focus on law and political science, cultivating an intellectual foundation that would serve him throughout his multifaceted career. His political journey began in the turbulent post-war era, characterized by the Greek Civil War and the subsequent efforts to rebuild the nation. A staunch advocate for conservative principles and national interests, Averof-Tossizza quickly established himself within the right-wing political landscape, entering parliament and rapidly assuming significant ministerial roles that would define a career spanning decades.

A Career Defined by Diplomacy and Defense

Throughout his extensive political career, Evangelos Averof-Tossizza held a series of critical cabinet positions, demonstrating his versatility and commitment to public service. He served notably as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1956 to 1963 under Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis, a period during which he played a pivotal role in navigating complex international relations. His diplomatic efforts were crucial in addressing sensitive issues such as the Cyprus dispute and strengthening Greece’s ties with Western allies, laying the groundwork for future European integration. Later, he served as Minister of National Defense from 1974 to 1981, again under Karamanlis and then Georgios Rallis. In this capacity, he oversaw the modernization of the Greek armed forces, ensuring national security and stability following a period of profound political upheaval.

Opposition to the Junta and the Restoration of Democracy

Contrary to any mischaracterization as a dictator, Evangelos Averof-Tossizza was a vocal opponent of the military junta that seized power in Greece in 1967. His principled stance against the authoritarian regime led to his arrest and imprisonment, a testament to his unwavering commitment to democratic values. This period solidified his reputation as a defender of civil liberties and democratic institutions. Following the collapse of the junta in 1974, Averof-Tossizza returned to the political forefront, playing a vital role in the restoration of democracy, known as the Metapolitefsi. He was a foundational leader of the centre-right New Democracy party, working closely with Konstantinos Karamanlis to re-establish parliamentary rule and guide Greece toward stability.

The Shadow of Controversy: The Panagoulis Affair

Despite his significant contributions to Greek politics, Averof's career was not without deep controversy, particularly concerning the death of Aleksandros Panagoulis. Panagoulis, a prominent anti-junta activist, poet, and symbol of resistance against the military dictatorship, died in a suspicious car accident on May 1, 1976. This tragic event, which occurred while Averof was serving as Minister of National Defense, ignited widespread public outcry and persistent allegations of foul play, with many believing it was an assassination orchestrated by elements of the "deep state" or intelligence services. Panagoulis was reportedly in possession of documents, often referred to as the "Panagoulis Files," that he intended to publish, which allegedly implicated powerful political figures in corruption and questionable dealings with the former junta. While there have been persistent allegations and suspicions in public discourse linking Averof's name, among others, to the broader political context surrounding Panagoulis's death and the alleged suppression of information, it is crucial to note that no definitive judicial ruling or universally accepted historical consensus has ever proven that Evangelos Averof-Tossizza personally commissioned the killing of Aleksandros Panagoulis. This incident remains one of the most contentious and debated episodes in modern Greek political history, underscoring the complexities and tensions of the post-junta era.

Literary Contributions and Legacy

Beyond his political achievements, Evangelos Averof-Tossizza was an accomplished author. He penned several notable books, many of which delved into significant political and historical events, offering his unique perspective as an insider and scholar. His literary works, including "Fire and Axe" (a novel exploring the Greek Civil War) and various historical analyses, provided valuable insights into Greece's tumultuous 20th century, cementing his reputation as a thoughtful intellectual. He passed away in Athens on January 2, 1990, leaving behind a complex legacy as a powerful right-wing figure who navigated Greece through critical junctures, from post-war recovery and Cold War alignments to the restoration of democracy and European integration.

Frequently Asked Questions About Evangelos Averof-Tossizza

Who was Evangelos Averof-Tossizza?

Evangelos Averof-Tossizza was a prominent Greek right-wing politician and author who played a significant role in Greek politics from the post-World War II era until his death in 1990. He served multiple terms as a cabinet minister, notably as Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of National Defense.

What were his key political roles?

Averof-Tossizza served as Minister of Foreign Affairs (1956-1963) and Minister of National Defense (1974-1981). He was a leading figure in the National Radical Union (ERE) and later the New Democracy party, contributing significantly to Greece's foreign policy, defense, and its integration into the European Economic Community (EEC).

Was Evangelos Averof-Tossizza a dictator?

No. Evangelos Averof-Tossizza was a parliamentary politician who served in democratically elected governments. He was, in fact, imprisoned for his opposition to the Greek military junta (1967-1974), which contradicts any notion of him being a dictator.

What was his connection to Aleksandros Panagoulis?

Aleksandros Panagoulis, a celebrated anti-junta resistance fighter, died in a highly controversial car accident in 1976 while Averof was Minister of National Defense. Panagoulis was reportedly about to release sensitive political documents. While widespread allegations and suspicions of state involvement in Panagoulis's death have persisted, no definitive proof or judicial ruling has ever confirmed that Evangelos Averof-Tossizza personally commissioned his killing. The event remains a subject of intense historical debate.

What kind of books did Evangelos Averof-Tossizza write?

He authored several books primarily on political and historical themes. His works provided valuable insights into the significant events and challenges of 20th-century Greece, reflecting his dual role as a political actor and an intellectual, including the novel "Fire and Axe."