Ayşe Nur Zarakolu, Turkish author and activist (b. 1946)

Ayşe Nur Zarakolu (née Sarısözen) (9 May 1946 – 28 January 2002) was an extraordinary Turkish author, pioneering publisher, and unwavering human rights advocate whose life was dedicated to upholding freedom of thought and expression in Turkey. Her tireless efforts and courageous stand against censorship made her a formidable figure in the country's intellectual and political landscape.

A Visionary in Turkish Publishing

Zarakolu’s profound impact on Turkish society began with her instrumental role in the publishing world. Alongside her husband, Ragıp Zarakolu, she co-founded the notable Turkish publishing house, Belge Yayınları (Belge Publications). Established in 1977, Belge quickly distinguished itself by daring to publish books on subjects often considered taboo or highly controversial in Turkey, including minority rights, historical injustices, and political dissent. This commitment to uncensored knowledge laid the groundwork for countless future conflicts with state authorities but also solidified Belge's reputation as a bastion of intellectual freedom.

Further demonstrating her trailblazing spirit, in the 1980s, Ayşe Nur Zarakolu became the director of Cemmay, a significant book-distribution company. This appointment was a landmark achievement, as she was the first woman in Turkey to hold such a prominent position within the book distribution sector, breaking significant gender barriers in a traditionally male-dominated industry.

Relentless Advocacy and Confrontation with Press Laws

Zarakolu’s dedication to publishing works that challenged official narratives brought her into frequent and often perilous conflict with Turkey’s stringent press laws. These laws, often broadly interpreted, were commonly used to suppress critical voices, particularly concerning sensitive national issues. Her publications frequently led to charges under various articles of the Turkish Penal Code and anti-terror laws, which criminalized acts such as "insulting Turkishness" or "spreading propaganda."

Her unwavering resolve in the face of such legal pressures earned her international recognition. In 1997, the esteemed The New York Times prominently identified Zarakolu as "one of the most relentless challengers to Turkey's press laws." This designation underscored her unique and courageous position as a leading figure in the struggle for freedom of expression against a highly restrictive legal framework.

Championing Human Rights and Historical Truths

Ayşe Nur Zarakolu courageously used her platform to shed light on critical human rights issues that were often deliberately suppressed or denied within Turkey. Among the most significant issues she helped publicize were:

• The Armenian Genocide: Zarakolu was among the very few in Turkey who dared to publish materials and research on the events of 1915, which are widely recognized internationally as genocide but vehemently denied by the Turkish state. Discussing this topic carried immense legal and social risks, yet she published groundbreaking works that fostered open discussion and historical reconciliation.
• Human Rights of Kurdish People in Turkey: She passionately advocated for the rights of the Kurdish minority, a highly sensitive political issue in Turkey marked by conflict and state repression. Her publishing house released books documenting abuses, cultural suppression, and advocating for political and cultural rights, providing a crucial voice for a marginalized community.

Imprisonment, International Recognition, and Enduring Legacy

For her principled stance and controversial publications, Ayşe Nur Zarakolu endured imprisonment multiple times. These detentions highlighted the severe repercussions faced by those who challenged the state's narrative. Her plight did not go unnoticed globally; Amnesty International, the renowned human rights organization, designated her a prisoner of conscience. This designation signifies that she was imprisoned solely for expressing her beliefs peacefully, a powerful indictment of the Turkish state's actions.

Even after her death on 28 January 2002, Ayşe Nur Zarakolu's legacy continued to face legal challenges in Turkey, a stark testament to the enduring impact and controversy surrounding the issues she championed. Publications released by Belge under her guidance, and even posthumously, continued to be subject to court cases and bans, demonstrating the long shadow cast by Turkey's restrictive laws on freedom of expression.

Despite the immense challenges and personal sacrifices, Zarakolu received multiple awards and honors in recognition of her invaluable contributions to human rights and freedom of expression. As a lasting tribute to her courage and commitment, the Human Rights Association of Turkey (Turkish: İnsan Hakları Derneği – İHD), a prominent and respected non-governmental organization, bestows the "Ayşe Zarakolu Freedom of Thought Prize" in her honor. This annual award celebrates individuals who demonstrate similar dedication to promoting intellectual freedom and human rights in Turkey, ensuring her pioneering spirit continues to inspire new generations of activists and thinkers.

Frequently Asked Questions About Ayşe Nur Zarakolu

Who was Ayşe Nur Zarakolu?

Ayşe Nur Zarakolu (1946–2002) was a highly influential Turkish author, publisher, and human rights advocate known for her courageous efforts to promote freedom of thought and expression in Turkey. She co-founded Belge Publications and was the first woman director of a major book distribution company in the country.

What made Belge Publications significant?

Belge Publications, co-founded by Zarakolu, was notable for daring to publish books on highly controversial subjects in Turkey, including the Armenian Genocide and the human rights of Kurdish people, which were often suppressed or denied by the state. It became a crucial platform for alternative narratives and critical discourse.

What human rights issues did she champion?

Ayşe Nur Zarakolu was a prominent voice in bringing attention to the Armenian Genocide and advocating for the human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey. These were, and in some cases remain, highly sensitive and often taboo subjects within the country.

What challenges did Ayşe Nur Zarakolu face?

She faced severe legal challenges due to her publications, frequently coming into conflict with Turkey's strict press laws. She was imprisoned multiple times and designated a "prisoner of conscience" by Amnesty International, highlighting the risks associated with her work.

How is Ayşe Nur Zarakolu's legacy honored?

Her legacy is honored through numerous awards and tributes. Most notably, the Human Rights Association of Turkey (İHD) bestows the "Ayşe Zarakolu Freedom of Thought Prize" annually, celebrating individuals who exemplify her dedication to intellectual freedom and human rights.