Gustavs Zemgals, Latvian journalist and politician, 2nd President of Latvia (b. 1871)

Gustavs Zemgals, born on 12 August 1871 in Džūkste parish, Courland Governorate (then part of the Russian Empire), and passing away on 6 January 1939, was a pivotal figure in Latvian history. He served as the second President of Latvia and notably held the distinguished office of Mayor of Riga on two separate occasions, showcasing his deep commitment to public service and the nation's capital.

Early Life, Education, and Legal Career

Zemgals' journey began in Džūkste, a part of modern-day Tukums Municipality in Latvia. His foundational education started in the small parish of Saka, followed by advanced studies at the esteemed Riga Nikolai Gymnasium. This prominent educational institution prepared him for higher learning, which he pursued at Moscow University. In 1899, he successfully graduated with a degree in law, a field that would profoundly influence his subsequent career. Upon his return to Latvia, Zemgals established himself as a practicing lawyer, an influential newspaper editor, and an emerging political activist, laying the groundwork for his significant contributions to Latvian society.

Military Service and the Russo-Japanese War

In 1904, Gustavs Zemgals' civilian life was interrupted by the geopolitical conflicts of the era. He was mobilised for military service during the Russo-Japanese War, a major conflict that exposed the fragilities of the Russian Empire. Zemgals spent a year and a half on the front lines, demonstrating his commitment and resilience, and was honorably promoted to the rank of captain before the war concluded in 1905.

Journalism and Political Activism Post-1905 Revolution

Returning to Latvia in 1905, a period marked by revolutionary fervor and increased calls for political reform across the Russian Empire, Zemgals immediately plunged back into public life. He became one of the co-founders and later editor of "Jaunā Dienas Lapa" (New Day's Page), a new liberal newspaper that championed progressive ideas. Following its cessation, he continued his editorial work with its successor, "Mūsu Laiki" (Our Times). His impactful journalism, which often challenged the existing authoritarian structures, led to his arrest and a three-month sentence by the Riga district court in July 1907 for his activities at "Mūsu Laiki". Undeterred by repression, Zemgals co-founded the Latvian Democratic Party shortly thereafter, an organization dedicated to advocating for greater autonomy and democratic principles for Latvia. His intellectual contributions also extended to the magazine "Domas" (Thoughts), where he served from 1912 to 1914, providing a platform for critical thought and political discourse.

World War I and Riga's Chairmanship

With the outbreak of World War I, Zemgals was once again called to military duty. Initially assigned to an infantry division in central Latvia, he was later dispatched to Finland. His return to Riga in 1917 coincided with a period of significant political upheaval, as the February Revolution in Russia spurred opportunities for local self-governance. On 23 April 1917, reflecting the trust placed in him by the city's populace, Zemgals was elected chairman of the city of Riga. This role was reconfirmed in the autumn of 1917 by the Riga Temporary Council, a transitional administrative body. During this critical time, Zemgals remained a prominent and active member of the Latvian Radical-Democratic Party, further solidifying his political standing amidst the turbulent wartime environment.

Crucial Role in Latvia's Declaration of Independence

The year 1918 marked a turning point for Latvia, and Gustavs Zemgals played a pivotal role in the nation's path to sovereignty. He became actively involved in the Latvian Provisional National Council, a precursor body formed in Valka in late 1917, where he diligently worked on matters concerning the occupied Latvian territories. As a leading member of the Latvian Radical-Democratic Party, he was appointed the second deputy of the chairman of the Tautas Padome (People's Council). This representative body, comprising various Latvian political parties and organizations, was tasked with establishing the foundation of an independent state. It was in this crucial capacity that Zemgals chaired the historic 18 November 1918 meeting of the Tautas Padome, a momentous session that formally declared Latvia's independence. Just weeks later, on 3 December 1918, he was also elected as the chair of the Riga City Council, further underscoring his influence in the nascent state.

Challenges of Early Independence and Diplomatic Missions

The declaration of independence did not immediately bring peace. As the Bolshevik forces advanced on Latvia during the tumultuous Latvian War of Independence (1918-1920), the Tautas Padome recognized the urgent need for international recognition and support. To this end, Jānis Čakste, Latvia's first President, and Gustavs Zemgals were dispatched abroad to represent Latvian interests. They traveled to Copenhagen on a British warship, seeking crucial diplomatic and material aid. Despite the perils, Zemgals' unwavering dedication to his homeland led him to return to Latvia just two months later, where he bravely attempted to restore the Tautas Padome amidst the ongoing conflict. However, this period of extreme political instability saw Zemgals and a group of loyal politicians arrested by the German army, who, despite nominally fighting the Bolsheviks, also posed a threat to Latvian sovereignty.

From Parliamentarian to President of Latvia

Following the establishment of parliamentary democracy in Latvia, Gustavs Zemgals continued his distinguished career in public service. He was elected as a member of the Saeima, Latvia's democratically elected parliament, representing the Democratic Centre party. He also served as a minister in several government cabinets, contributing to the nation's formative years. In 1927, following the unexpected death of Jānis Čakste, Latvia's first President, Gustavs Zemgals was elected to succeed him, becoming the second President of Latvia. During his tenure as President, Zemgals largely adhered to the constitutional role of a head of state in Latvia, which is primarily ceremonial with limited executive powers. He rarely intervened in the Saeima's legislative work, famously returning a law for review only once. However, he frequently exercised his presidential prerogative to grant amnesty, reflecting his humanitarian convictions. Over his term, Zemgals granted amnesty to a remarkable 648 individuals, with 172 receiving complete pardons. He served as President until 1930, choosing not to seek a second term despite widespread requests for him to continue, a decision often attributed to his belief in the orderly transfer of power and potentially personal considerations.

Post-Presidency Contributions and International Recognition

Even after concluding his presidency, Gustavs Zemgals remained an active and respected figure in Latvian politics. He was elected to the Fourth Saeima, where his expertise was utilized as a member of the foreign, finance, and trade and industry commissions. From 1931 to 1932, he further contributed to national governance by serving as the Minister of Finance. His lifelong dedication and exceptional contributions were recognized both nationally and internationally:

• French Legion of Honour: In 1924, the French government bestowed upon him the Commander cross (Commandeur) of the Legion of Honour, France's highest order of merit, acknowledging his role in strengthening international ties.
• Latvian Order of the Three Stars:
  • In 1926, he was awarded the Third or "Commander" class of the Order of the Three Stars, Latvia's highest national award, symbolizing his significant service to the nascent state.
  • In 1929, he received the First class with chain, also known as "Commander Grand Cross with chain," of the Order of the Three Stars. This extremely rare distinction, awarded to only 14 individuals in the pre-World War II era, further cemented his status as a foundational figure in Latvian history.

In his later years, during the 1930s, Zemgals continued to engage with public discourse by publishing insightful articles in "Jaunākās Ziņas" (Latest News), a prominent Latvian newspaper.

Legacy and Commemoration

Gustavs Zemgals passed away on 6 January 1939 and was laid to rest in Riga. His enduring legacy as a statesman, patriot, and architect of independent Latvia was further honored in 1990, a year deeply significant as Latvia began to regain its independence from Soviet occupation. A monument dedicated to Zemgals was erected in Džūkste, his birthplace, serving as a lasting tribute to a leader who profoundly shaped the destiny of the Latvian nation.

Frequently Asked Questions about Gustavs Zemgals

Who was Gustavs Zemgals?

Gustavs Zemgals was a prominent Latvian politician who served as the second President of Latvia (1927-1930) and was twice the Mayor of Riga. He was a key figure in Latvia's path to independence.

When was Gustavs Zemgals born and when did he die?

Gustavs Zemgals was born on 12 August 1871 and passed away on 6 January 1939.

What was Gustavs Zemgals' role in Latvia's Declaration of Independence?

As the second deputy of the chairman of the Tautas Padome (People's Council), Gustavs Zemgals notably chaired the historic 18 November 1918 meeting that declared Latvia's independence.

Did Gustavs Zemgals serve in any wars?

Yes, Gustavs Zemgals was mobilized and served as a captain in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) and was also mobilized at the beginning of World War I.

What were some of Gustavs Zemgals' major achievements as President?

As President, Gustavs Zemgals was known for his minimal interference in parliamentary legislative work, but frequently exercised his right to grant amnesty, extending pardons to 648 individuals during his term. He also declined to seek a second term despite calls to do so.

What awards did Gustavs Zemgals receive?

Gustavs Zemgals received the French Legion of Honour (Commander cross) in 1924 and was awarded Latvia's highest national award, the Order of the Three Stars, in both the Third class (1926) and the exceptionally rare First class with chain (1929).

Where is Gustavs Zemgals commemorated?

Gustavs Zemgals is buried in Riga. A monument was also constructed in his birthplace, Džūkste, in 1990, commemorating his contributions to Latvia.