Israel Putnam, American general (d. 1790)

Israel Putnam (January 7, 1718 – May 29, 1790), widely recognized as "Old Put," was a distinguished American military officer whose unwavering courage and strategic prowess marked a significant chapter in the nascent history of the United States. A seasoned veteran of two major eighteenth-century conflicts, the French and Indian War and the American Revolutionary War, Putnam's name became synonymous with the tenacious fighting spirit of the early American frontier and the burgeoning fight for independence.

Early Military Career: The French and Indian War (1754–1763)

Putnam’s martial journey began well before the Revolutionary War, specifically during the French and Indian War (1754–1763), a theater of conflict that profoundly shaped his military acumen. Serving as an officer within the formidable and legendary Rogers' Rangers, an elite provincial light infantry unit renowned for its rigorous training in irregular warfare, scouting, and raiding, Putnam honed skills critical for wilderness combat. It was during this period, in August 1758, near Lake George, that Putnam endured a harrowing experience that would later become a cornerstone of his legendary status. Following an ambush, he was captured by a party of Mohawk warriors, who were allied with the French.

In a dramatic turn of events, Putnam was condemned to a ritualistic burning at the stake, a grim fate often reserved for enemies by some Native American tribes. His life, however, was miraculously spared through the decisive intervention of a French officer, Lieutenant François-Marc-Antoine de Marin. Recognizing Putnam's bravery or perhaps asserting his authority over his allies, de Marin demanded that the Mohawk release their captive, thus preventing a brutal execution and setting the stage for Putnam's continued service.

A Revolutionary Figure: The American War of Independence (1775–1783)

As tensions escalated into open conflict with Great Britain, Israel Putnam, already a seasoned combatant, swiftly rose to prominence in the Continental Army. His most celebrated contribution came during the pivotal Battle of Bunker Hill on June 17, 1775. Though the battle ultimately resulted in a tactical British victory, it demonstrated the fierce resolve of the American militia and proved that colonial forces could stand against the formidable British regulars. As a major general, Putnam played a critical role in organizing and directing the American defenses on Breed's Hill, the true location of the main engagement, vigorously urging his troops to conserve ammunition until the enemy was within close range—a sentiment encapsulated by the famous, though possibly apocryphal, command "Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes." His leadership on that day, marked by unwavering courage under intense fire, earned him widespread distinction and solidified his reputation as a dependable and spirited commander.

Beyond Bunker Hill, Putnam continued to serve with distinction, becoming one of the four major generals appointed by the Continental Congress directly under George Washington. He supervised the crucial fortifications around New York, particularly in the Hudson Highlands, including the early construction efforts at West Point, a strategically vital location. His active military career concluded in 1779 after he suffered a stroke, an event that led to his retirement from service, though his legacy remained undiminished.

Legacy and Enduring Legend

Israel Putnam's renown transcended mere military reports; his courage and indomitable fighting spirit resonated deeply within the American colonies and later the United States, giving rise to numerous folk legends that amplified his exploits. Known affectionately as "Old Put," a moniker suggesting both reverence and familiarity, these tales circulated widely, solidifying his image as a quintessential frontier hero. From the dramatic account of his escape from the Mohawk to his steadfastness at Bunker Hill, Putnam embodied the resilience, daring, and unwavering commitment characteristic of the Revolutionary generation. These narratives not only celebrated an individual but also helped forge a collective American identity, inspiring patriotic fervor and offering a tangible symbol of defiance against oppression. His life story continues to be a testament to the adventurous and resolute spirit that defined the early American republic.

Frequently Asked Questions About Israel Putnam

Who was Israel Putnam?

Israel Putnam was a prominent American general officer during the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) and a veteran of the preceding French and Indian War (1754–1763), widely known by his nickname "Old Put."

What was Israel Putnam's role in the American Revolutionary War?

He served as a major general in the Continental Army, most notably playing a crucial leadership role at the Battle of Bunker Hill (June 17, 1775). He also contributed to fortifying key strategic locations, such as West Point, under George Washington's command.

How was Israel Putnam involved in the French and Indian War?

As an officer in Rogers' Rangers, an elite light infantry unit, Putnam gained extensive experience in wilderness warfare. During this conflict, he was famously captured by Mohawk warriors and narrowly escaped a ritual burning through the intervention of a French officer.

What famous incident involved Israel Putnam and the Mohawk?

In August 1758, Israel Putnam was captured by Mohawk warriors near Lake George. He was bound to a tree and prepared for a ritual burning, but his life was dramatically saved by the timely intervention of Lieutenant François-Marc-Antoine de Marin, a French officer allied with the Mohawk.

Why was Israel Putnam known as "Old Put"?

The nickname "Old Put" became popular due to his long and distinguished military career, his legendary acts of bravery and resilience, and the affectionate regard in which he was held by soldiers and civilians alike. It signified his seasoned experience and unwavering spirit.