Umberto II of Italy (b. 1904)

Umberto II: Italy's Last Sovereign, The Brief Reign of the "May King"

Umberto II, formally known as Umberto Nicola Tommaso Giovanni Maria di Savoia, was a figure of immense historical significance, remembered as the final King of Italy. Born on September 15, 1904, he would eventually ascend to a throne that had stood for generations, only to witness its swift dissolution. His life, marked by royal lineage, tumultuous political change, and a poignant exile, concluded on March 18, 1983.

Early Life and The Shadow of Fascism

As the only son among five children born to King Victor Emmanuel III and Queen Elena of Montenegro, Umberto was destined for the crown from birth. His early life was spent as the Prince of Piedmont, a traditional title for the heir apparent. However, the Italy of his youth and early adulthood was increasingly dominated by the rise of fascism under Benito Mussolini. While the monarchy technically remained, its power was significantly overshadowed by the dictator's regime. The House of Savoy, seeking to navigate these treacherous political waters, often found itself in a delicate and compromised position, ultimately aligning with Mussolini's government, a decision that would later prove catastrophic for the monarchy's public image.

The Transfer of Power and A Nation Divided

As World War II drew to a close and Mussolini's regime collapsed in 1943, the Italian monarchy found itself facing a profound crisis of legitimacy. Public sentiment, increasingly anti-monarchical due to its association with fascism, demanded change. In a desperate attempt to salvage the institution's future, King Victor Emmanuel III, recognizing the tarnished perception of his own reign, decided to step back. In 1944, he transferred his executive powers to his son, Umberto, effectively making him the de facto head of state, while still retaining the title of king. This move was a gamble, an effort to present a new, untainted face for the monarchy as Italy grappled with its post-war identity and future.

The "May King" and The End of an Era

The stage was set for a national reckoning. A referendum on the abolition of the monarchy was looming, forcing a monumental choice upon the Italian people: republic or monarchy? In a final, dramatic attempt to bolster the monarchy's chances, Victor Emmanuel III formally abdicated on May 9, 1946, passing the crown to Umberto. Thus, Umberto II officially became King of Italy, but his reign was incredibly short-lived, lasting a mere 34 days, from May 9 to June 12, 1946. It was this fleeting period that earned him the poignant nickname, "Re di Maggio," or the "May King." Despite the hopes placed upon his accession, the tide of history had already turned. The referendum results favored a republic, signaling an definitive end to centuries of monarchical rule in Italy. On June 12, 1946, the Italian Republic was officially declared, drawing a curtain on the House of Savoy's dominion.

Exile and Legacy

With the abolition of the monarchy, Umberto II was compelled to leave Italy. He spent the remainder of his life in exile, primarily residing in Cascais, a picturesque town on the Portuguese Riviera. Though he held the title of king for little over a month, his role in this pivotal moment of Italian history cemented his place in the nation's collective memory. Umberto II's story serves as a powerful reminder of a country's transition from an ancient monarchy to a modern republic, shaped by war, political upheaval, and the will of its people.

Frequently Asked Questions About Umberto II

Who was Umberto II?

Umberto II was the last King of Italy, reigning for a brief period in 1946 before the country voted to become a republic.

What was Umberto II's full name?

His full name was Umberto Nicola Tommaso Giovanni Maria di Savoia.

When did Umberto II reign?

He officially reigned for 34 days, from May 9, 1946, to June 12, 1946. He had, however, served as de facto head of state since 1944.

Why was he called the "May King" (Re di Maggio)?

He earned this nickname because his official reign as King of Italy began and ended entirely within the month of May (and early June) 1946, just before the national referendum abolished the monarchy.

Where did Umberto II live in exile?

After the monarchy was abolished, Umberto II lived the rest of his life in exile, primarily in Cascais, on the Portuguese Riviera.

When did the Italian monarchy end?

The Italian monarchy officially ended on June 12, 1946, following a national referendum where the majority of the Italian people voted to establish a republic.