The year 845 marked a pivotal moment in the history of West Francia, culminating in one of the most significant Viking incursions of the era: the infamous Siege of Paris. This wasn't just a skirmish; it was a full-scale invasion led by a formidable Norse chieftain known as Reginherus, a figure often tentatively, though tenuously, linked to the legendary sagas' Ragnar Lodbrok.

The Arrival of the Dragon Ships: A Force on the Seine

As winter gave way to spring in March of 845, a sight of dread unfolded along the Seine River. Reginherus commanded an impressive fleet of 120 Viking longships, each carrying hundreds of seasoned warriors, bringing the total invading force to thousands. These sleek vessels, symbols of Viking power and maritime prowess, systematically sailed up the river, leaving a path of apprehension in their wake. Their ultimate target: the burgeoning Frankish settlement of Paris, strategically important despite not yet being the grand capital we know today.

Frankish Resistance and Retreat

In response to this audacious Viking invasion, the Frankish king, Charles the Bald, quickly attempted to muster a defense. He assembled an army, though considerably smaller than the invading force. However, the Vikings, with their reputation for ferocity and tactical skill, proved overwhelming. A critical blow was struck when the Norsemen defeated one division of Charles's army, effectively halving his defensive strength. Faced with such a decisive loss and an enemy that seemed unstoppable, the remaining Frankish forces had little choice but to retreat, leaving the path to Paris largely undefended.

Paris Under Siege: An Easter of Plunder

By the end of March, coinciding tragically with the Easter celebrations, the Viking forces reached Paris. The city, unprepared for such an onslaught and largely abandoned by its protectors, fell swiftly. What followed was a period of intense occupation and methodical plunder. The Vikings, known for their efficiency in extracting wealth, ransacked churches, monasteries, and homes, seizing precious metals, goods, and anything of value. The cultural and religious significance of Easter did little to deter their objectives, turning a holy period into one of terror and despoilment for the inhabitants.

The Ransom and a Costly Withdrawal

With Paris firmly in Viking hands and the Frankish kingdom reeling, Charles the Bald was presented with a stark choice: continue a losing battle or negotiate. He opted for the latter, agreeing to pay a massive ransom to secure the withdrawal of Reginherus's forces. The price was staggering: 7,000 French livres of gold and silver. This equated to an immense 2,570 kg (or 83,000 troy ounces) of precious metals, a testament to the wealth of West Francia and the devastating economic impact of the Viking raid. Upon receiving this vast sum, the Vikings, having achieved their primary goal of plunder and tribute, finally withdrew from Paris and sailed back down the Seine, their longships laden with the spoils of their successful campaign.

Historical Echoes: Ragnar Lodbrok and Lasting Impact

The Siege of Paris of 845 stands as a potent symbol of the power and reach of the Vikings during their expansionist era. The figure of Reginherus, the chieftain who led this monumental raid, has long captivated historians and enthusiasts alike. While many sources, especially popular culture, draw a direct line to the legendary Ragnar Lodbrok – the semi-mythical Norse hero featured in sagas and television – historical consensus generally holds this link as tenuous at best. The sagas often conflate historical figures and events, weaving together narratives that are difficult to definitively pinpoint to a single individual or specific raid. Nevertheless, the memory of Reginherus's expedition and Charles the Bald's costly ransom served as a stark warning, demonstrating the vulnerability of Frankish territories to the organized and relentless pressure of Viking raiders from the North.

Frequently Asked Questions About the Siege of Paris (845)

What was the Siege of Paris of 845?

The Siege of Paris of 845 was a major Viking invasion and occupation of Paris, then part of West Francia, led by the Norse chieftain Reginherus. It culminated in the city being plundered and the Frankish king, Charles the Bald, paying a massive ransom for the Vikings' withdrawal.

Who led the Viking forces during this siege?

The Viking forces were led by a powerful Norse chieftain named Reginherus. He is often, though uncertainly, identified with the legendary Ragnar Lodbrok of Norse sagas.

When did the Siege of Paris occur?

The Viking fleet entered the Seine River in March 845, and they reached and occupied Paris at the end of that month, during Easter.

What was the outcome of the siege?

The Vikings successfully plundered and occupied Paris. King Charles the Bald eventually paid a significant ransom of 7,000 French livres (equivalent to about 2,570 kg of gold and silver) to secure their withdrawal. The city was left devastated, but the immediate threat was neutralized.

Who was Charles the Bald?

Charles the Bald was the King of West Francia from 843 until his death in 877, and also Holy Roman Emperor from 875. He was a grandson of Charlemagne and faced numerous Viking raids during his reign.

What was the significance of the Seine River in this invasion?

The Seine River served as the primary highway for the Viking fleet. Their mastery of longship navigation allowed them to penetrate deep into West Francia, directly to the heart of settlements like Paris, bypassing traditional land defenses.