John Barclay Armstrong, American lieutenant (b. 1850)

John Barclay Armstrong (January 1, 1850 – May 1, 1913) was a prominent figure in late 19th-century Texas, carving out a legacy first as a tenacious Texas Ranger lieutenant and later as a distinguished United States Marshal. While his career was marked by numerous significant law enforcement achievements, he is perhaps most vividly remembered for his pivotal role in the relentless pursuit and ultimate capture of the notorious gunfighter, John Wesley Hardin, a tale that has since become legendary in the annals of the Old West.

Early Life and Family Roots

Born on New Year's Day, January 1, 1850, in McMinnville, Tennessee, John Barclay Armstrong was the son of Dr. John B. Armstrong and Maria Susannah Ready. His family tree boasted notable connections, reflecting a lineage tied to both political service and military valor. Among his distinguished relatives was his maternal grandfather, Charles Ready, who served as a U.S. Representative for Tennessee, demonstrating a family tradition of public service. Furthermore, he was a cousin to Brigadier General John Hunt Morgan, a celebrated and often controversial Confederate States Army cavalry commander during the Civil War, adding a layer of martial heritage to his background. After spending brief periods in Arkansas and Missouri, Armstrong made the significant move to Austin, Texas, in 1871, seeking new opportunities in what was then a rapidly developing frontier state.

Joining the Ranks: The Texas Rangers' Special Force

Upon his arrival in Texas, Armstrong quickly found his calling in law enforcement. After a relatively short initial experience as a lawman, he officially joined the elite Texas Rangers in 1875. He became a crucial member of the Special Force, a newly established, quasi-military branch operating under the command of the legendary Captain Leander H. McNelly. This unit was specifically tasked with bringing order to the often lawless and volatile regions of South Texas, grappling with cattle rustling, banditry, and various other forms of frontier crime. Armstrong's unwavering dedication and effectiveness quickly made him McNelly's trusted second-in-command and right-hand man. This vital role earned him a swift promotion to sergeant and the enduring nickname, "McNelly's Bulldog," a testament to his tenacity and resolute pursuit of justice.

Rise to Lieutenant and High-Profile Cases

Following the untimely death of Captain McNelly and the subsequent integration of the Special Force into the Texas Rangers' Frontier Battalion in 1876, Armstrong's leadership qualities were further recognized with a promotion to Lieutenant. In this elevated capacity, he continued to tackle some of the most challenging and dangerous cases on the Texas frontier. His involvement stretched across multiple high-profile incidents, solidifying his reputation as a formidable lawman. Foremost among these was the relentless hunt for and ultimate capture of John Wesley Hardin, one of the most infamous gunfighters of the era, whose apprehension was a significant coup for the Rangers and a moment that etched Armstrong's name into history. Another critical assignment saw him engaged in the arduous pursuit and eventual killing of the notorious bank robber, Sam Bass, further demonstrating Armstrong's commitment to upholding law and order in a turbulent state.

From Ranger to U.S. Marshal and Beyond

After years of distinguished service with the Texas Rangers, Armstrong resigned his commission in 1881. However, his career in federal law enforcement was just beginning, as he was shortly thereafter appointed as a United States Marshal. In this new role, he continued his work of maintaining peace and order across a broader jurisdiction. Settling in Willacy County, Texas, Armstrong transitioned from a life primarily focused on active law enforcement to one of significant landownership. He established a considerably large and successful ranch, contributing to the development of the region's burgeoning cattle industry. John Barclay Armstrong passed away at his home in Armstrong, Texas, a community named in his honor, on May 1, 1913. His expansive ranch, a testament to his entrepreneurial spirit, was later reorganized and became a significant part of what is known today as Kenedy County, Texas, leaving a lasting mark on the geographical and historical landscape of the state.

Frequently Asked Questions About John Barclay Armstrong

When and where was John Barclay Armstrong born?

John Barclay Armstrong was born on January 1, 1850, in McMinnville, Tennessee.

What were his primary roles in law enforcement?

He served as a Texas Ranger lieutenant, initially with Captain Leander H. McNelly's Special Force, and later became a United States Marshal.

For what specific achievement is he most remembered?

He is primarily remembered for his crucial role in the pursuit and capture of the notorious Old West gunfighter, John Wesley Hardin.

What was his famous nickname and how did he earn it?

He was known as "McNelly's Bulldog" due to his tenacious and resolute nature as Captain Leander H. McNelly's second-in-command in the Texas Rangers' Special Force.

What other significant cases was Armstrong involved in as a Texas Ranger?

Beyond the capture of John Wesley Hardin, he was also instrumental in the pursuit and killing of the noted bank robber, Sam Bass.

When did Armstrong leave the Texas Rangers and what did he do next?

Armstrong resigned from the Texas Rangers in 1881 and was soon after appointed as a United States Marshal.

Where did John Barclay Armstrong establish his ranch and when did he pass away?

He established a large ranch in Willacy County, Texas, and passed away at his home in Armstrong, Texas, on May 1, 1913.