A Glimpse into Nepal's Political History: The Communist Party of Nepal (Mashal)

Deep within the intricate tapestry of Nepalese politics, the Communist Party of Nepal (Mashal) emerged as a significant underground force. Its inception in November 1984 marked a pivotal moment, born from a schism within its predecessor, the Communist Party of Nepal (Masal). The formal establishment occurred during a clandestine gathering, aptly termed the 'fifth congress,' held across the border in Gorakhpur, India.

Interestingly, the primary catalyst for this split wasn't a profound ideological divergence. Instead, observers and members alike pointed to growing discontent with the authoritarian leadership style of Singh within the original Masal party. This internal friction, rather than a battle of doctrines, fueled the creation of the new faction. At its helm, Mohan Baidya, known by his alias 'Kiran,' was elected as the General Secretary. He was joined by a formidable Central Committee, whose members, elected at that foundational Gorakhpur conference, included notable figures such as Chitra Bahadur K.C., Ramsingh Shris, Bhairav Regmi, Govindsingh Thapa, Pushpa Kamal Dahal – who would later become a towering figure in Nepalese politics – along with Khambasingh Kubar, Bachaspati Devkota, C.P. Gajurel, Dev Gurung, Ishwari Dahal, Bishnu Pokhrel, and Bhakta Bahadur Shrestha.

Ideological Evolution and Early Setbacks

In 1986, CPN (Mashal) refined its foundational ideology, moving from 'Marxism–Leninism–Mao Tse-Tung Thought' to a more streamlined 'Marxism–Leninism–Maoism.' This shift underscored a more explicit alignment with Maoist principles, which would eventually gain considerable traction in Nepal's revolutionary movements. The same year, the party took a bold, albeit ill-fated, step by initiating an armed insurrection. This series of coordinated, minor attacks, famously known as The Sector Incident, involved targeting a few police posts in the capital and symbolically painting a statue of King Tribhuvan black. The aim was to ignite a broader uprising, but its execution led to unintended consequences.

Internally, The Sector Incident drew sharp criticism. Many within the party leadership argued that the operation had prematurely exposed the party's underground identity and capabilities, compromising future efforts. This backlash eventually led to significant resignations, including that of Mohan Vaidya, from the party leadership. In the wake of this internal turmoil, a new era began: in 1986, Pushpa Kamal Dahal, who adopted the party name Prachanda, ascended to the position of General Secretary, marking a crucial turning point in the party's trajectory and indeed, in Nepal's history.

Unification and Merger

The spirit of unity often finds its way even among fractured political entities, especially in the face of larger national movements. During the monumental popular uprising against the royal regime in 1990, both the CPN (Mashal) and its parent faction, CPN (Masal), set aside their differences. They united under the banner of the United National People's Movement, demonstrating a common resolve against the monarchy. This period of cooperation eventually led to further consolidation: in 1991, CPN (Mashal) officially merged with the Communist Party of Nepal (Fourth Convention), culminating in the formation of the Communist Party of Nepal (Unity Centre).

Kathmandu: Nepal's Historic Heart and Bustling Capital

Stepping away from the nuanced world of political parties, we turn our gaze to Kathmandu, the vibrant capital and most populous city of Nepal. Officially known as the Kathmandu Metropolitan City, it housed 845,767 inhabitants across 105,649 households in 2021, with its broader urban agglomeration supporting a thriving population of 2.9 million people. This bustling metropolis is nestled within the breathtaking Kathmandu Valley, a grand expanse in the high plateaus of central Nepal, situated at an altitude of approximately 1,400 metres (4,600 feet) above sea level.

A Living Heritage: History, Culture, and Significance

Kathmandu boasts a remarkable legacy as one of the world's oldest continuously inhabited places, with its origins tracing back to the 2nd century CE. Historically, the entire valley was revered as the "Nepal Mandala," a sacred and culturally rich region. It has long been the ancestral home of the Newar people, an indigenous, cosmopolitan urban civilization whose unique artistry, architecture, and cultural traditions have profoundly shaped the Himalayan foothills. For centuries, Kathmandu served as the royal capital of the Kingdom of Nepal, a heritage still visible in its majestic palaces, opulent mansions, and serene gardens, once belonging to the Nepalese aristocracy.

Beyond its royal past, Kathmandu holds significant regional importance. Since 1985, it has been the proud home to the headquarters of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), fostering collaboration across South Asia. Following the establishment of the Nepalese republic in 2008, Kathmandu transitioned to become the definitive seat of the nation's government and now forms a vital part of the Bagmati Province. Indeed, for countless years, Kathmandu has remained the undisputed epicenter of Nepal's history, its rich artistic expressions, its deep-seated culture, and its dynamic economy.

Diverse Demographics and Economic Vibrancy

The city thrives with a multi-ethnic population, where Hindu and Buddhist majorities coexist, contributing to a vibrant tapestry of beliefs and traditions. Religious and cultural festivities aren't mere events; they form an integral, joyous part of daily life for Kathmandu's residents. Tourism plays a crucial role in the city's economic health, attracting visitors from across the globe. Its allure was recognized globally in 2013 when TripAdvisor ranked Kathmandu as the third among the top ten upcoming travel destinations worldwide, and an impressive first in Asia. Often referred to as the gateway to the majestic Nepalese Himalayas, Kathmandu proudly hosts several UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the historic Durbar Square, the iconic Swayambhunath (Monkey Temple), the spiritual Boudhanath Stupa, and the revered Pashupatinath Temple, each offering a unique window into Nepal's spiritual and architectural grandeur.

Modern Challenges and Resilience

Despite its ancient roots, the Kathmandu Valley is a region undergoing rapid transformation. According to the World Bank in 2010, the valley was growing at a remarkable rate of 4 percent per year, making it one of the fastest-growing metropolitan areas in South Asia. This rapid expansion presents both opportunities and significant challenges, as Kathmandu stands as the first region in Nepal to grapple with the unprecedented pressures of rapid urbanization and modernization on a metropolitan scale. It also holds the distinction of being the largest metropolitan area situated within the vast Himalayan mountain range.

However, Kathmandu's journey has also been marked by adversity. In April 2015, the city's historic areas suffered extensive damage from a devastating 7.8 magnitude earthquake. In the years since, immense efforts have been underway for recovery and reconstruction. While some of its iconic buildings have been lovingly restored to their former glory, many others remain in the delicate process of rebuilding, a testament to the city's enduring resilience and the unwavering spirit of its people.

Frequently Asked Questions about CPN (Mashal) and Kathmandu

What was the Communist Party of Nepal (Mashal)?

The Communist Party of Nepal (Mashal) was an underground communist political party in Nepal, formed in November 1984 following a split from the Communist Party of Nepal (Masal). It played a role in Nepal's communist movement.

Who was the first General Secretary of CPN (Mashal)?

Mohan Baidya, also known as 'Kiran,' was the first General Secretary of CPN (Mashal) when it was founded in 1984.

When did Pushpa Kamal Dahal (Prachanda) become General Secretary?

Pushpa Kamal Dahal, famously known as Prachanda, became the General Secretary of CPN (Mashal) in 1986, following internal criticisms and leadership changes related to The Sector Incident.

What was The Sector Incident?

The Sector Incident was a failed armed insurrection initiated by CPN (Mashal) in 1986. It involved minor attacks on police posts in the capital and the symbolic defacing of a King Tribhuvan statue, but it led to internal party criticism and leadership changes.

When did CPN (Mashal) merge with other parties?

CPN (Mashal) united with CPN (Masal) during the 1990 popular uprising and later, in 1991, merged with the Communist Party of Nepal (Fourth Convention) to form the Communist Party of Nepal (Unity Centre).

What is Kathmandu known for?

Kathmandu is renowned as the capital and most populous city of Nepal, known for its rich history, vibrant culture, and as a gateway to the Himalayas. It is home to multiple UNESCO World Heritage Sites like Durbar Square, Swayambhunath, Boudhanath, and Pashupatinath.

How old is Kathmandu?

Kathmandu is one of the oldest continuously inhabited places globally, with its origins dating back to the 2nd century CE.

What is the significance of the Kathmandu Valley?

The Kathmandu Valley, historically called the "Nepal Mandala," is the ancestral home of the Newar people and a cultural hub. It is also one of the fastest-growing metropolitan areas in South Asia and the largest in the Himalayas, facing rapid urbanization.

Did the 2015 earthquake affect Kathmandu?

Yes, Kathmandu's historic areas were severely damaged by a 7.8 magnitude earthquake in April 2015. Reconstruction efforts have been ongoing since, with many iconic sites being restored.