Ricardo Arias Calderón, Panamanian politician, Vice President (1990-1992) (b. 1933)

Ricardo Arias Calderón: A Champion for Panamanian Democracy

Ricardo Arias Calderón (May 4, 1933 – February 13, 2017) was a prominent Panamanian statesman and an unwavering advocate for democratic reform and human rights throughout much of the 20th century. His distinguished career culminated in his service as the First Vice President of Panama from 1989 to 1992, a pivotal period marking the nation's transition from military dictatorship to renewed civilian rule. Arias Calderón’s life was characterized by intellectual rigor, staunch Catholic convictions, and a deep commitment to his country’s political future.

Early Life, Education, and Return to Panama

Born into a distinguished Panamanian family, Ricardo Arias Calderón pursued an exceptional academic path that would profoundly shape his worldview and political philosophy. He earned his bachelor's degree from Yale University, a prestigious institution known for fostering critical thought and leadership, and furthered his studies at the Sorbonne in Paris, one of Europe's oldest and most respected universities, where he delved into philosophy and political science. This elite international education equipped him with a broad perspective and a strong intellectual foundation.

Upon his return to Panama in the 1960s, a decade marked by increasing political instability and the growing influence of the military across Latin America, Arias Calderón immediately dedicated himself to the cause of political reform. He was driven by a vision for a democratic Panama, free from authoritarianism and corruption, principles that would guide his actions for decades.

Leadership in the Christian Democratic Movement and Opposition to Noriega

Arias Calderón quickly emerged as a leading figure in Panamanian politics, particularly within the nascent Christian Democratic movement. He rose to become the president of the Christian Democratic Party of Panama (PDC), a political party founded in 1960 that championed social justice, democratic governance, and human rights, aligning itself with similar movements across the continent. Under his leadership, the PDC became a significant voice in opposition to the increasingly oppressive military government then consolidating power under General Manuel Noriega.

Manuel Noriega, who effectively ruled Panama as a dictator from 1983 to 1989, was notorious for his involvement in drug trafficking, human rights abuses, and the systematic manipulation of the nation’s political processes. Ricardo Arias Calderón stood as one of Noriega's most vocal and persistent opponents, frequently denouncing the regime's corruption and its suppression of civil liberties, often at great personal risk.

In the highly controversial 1984 general election, Arias Calderón joined forces with the venerable three-time former president Arnulfo Arias Madrid, running as his candidate for Second Vice President. Despite widespread popular support for their ticket, they were ultimately declared defeated by the pro-Noriega candidate, Nicolás Ardito Barletta. This election was widely seen as fraudulent, a clear demonstration of Noriega's willingness to subvert democratic processes to maintain control.

The Path to Vice Presidency: 1989 Election and US Invasion

The struggle for democracy intensified, culminating in the general election of May 7, 1989. Ricardo Arias Calderón once again ran as a vice-presidential candidate, this time alongside Guillermo Endara Galimany, representing a broad opposition coalition. Despite overwhelming evidence of their victory, Noriega's regime annulled the election results, refusing to acknowledge the clear will of the Panamanian people. This blatant disregard for democratic principles further isolated Noriega internationally.

Later that same year, on December 20, 1989, the United States launched Operation Just Cause, a military invasion of Panama with the stated goals of safeguarding American lives, defending democracy, combatting drug trafficking, and bringing Noriega to justice. In the immediate aftermath of the invasion, Ricardo Arias Calderón was sworn in as the First Vice President of Panama under President Guillermo Endara, marking the formal restoration of civilian government after years of military dictatorship.

Tenure and Resignation as First Vice President

As First Vice President, Arias Calderón played a crucial role in the initial years of Panama's transition back to democracy. However, the post-Noriega era was fraught with immense challenges, including rebuilding national institutions, tackling a shattered economy, and addressing deep-seated social issues. Tensions soon emerged within the ruling Democratic Alliance of Civic Opposition (ADOC) coalition, comprising parties with diverse ideological stances, including his own Christian Democratic Party, the Arnulfista Party, and the Liberal Republican Movement (MOLIRENA).

Citing growing frustration with the pace and direction of the government's efforts, Ricardo Arias Calderón resigned from his position on December 17, 1992. In his public statement, he asserted that the administration had not done enough to effectively address the pressing needs of Panama's people, particularly regarding poverty, economic recovery, and social justice. His resignation underscored the complex difficulties faced by the nascent democratic government in fulfilling the high expectations of a populace eager for change.

Post-Resignation Activism and Legacy

Even after stepping down from his vice-presidency, Ricardo Arias Calderón remained a vibrant and influential voice in Panamanian political discourse. He continued to advocate for national development and progress, notably becoming a staunch supporter of the Panama Canal expansion project. This monumental infrastructure initiative, which significantly increased the Canal’s capacity and was completed in 2016, was seen by many, including Arias Calderón, as vital for Panama's long-term economic prosperity and global standing.

Furthermore, he also took a principled stance against the extradition of Manuel Noriega to France, arguing that Noriega should face justice for his crimes on Panamanian soil first. This position reflected a deep commitment to national sovereignty and the belief that Panama's justice system should be paramount in dealing with its former dictator.

Ricardo Arias Calderón’s legacy is that of a principled intellectual and a courageous political leader who dedicated his life to the establishment and defense of democracy in Panama. His unwavering commitment to human rights, his intellectual contributions, and his steadfast opposition to authoritarianism continue to inspire.

Frequently Asked Questions About Ricardo Arias Calderón

When did Ricardo Arias Calderón serve as First Vice President of Panama?

He served as the First Vice President of Panama from 1989 to 1992, during the crucial period immediately following the U.S. invasion and the fall of the Noriega regime.

What was Ricardo Arias Calderón's role in opposing Manuel Noriega?

Ricardo Arias Calderón was a leading and outspoken opponent of General Manuel Noriega's military dictatorship. As president of the Christian Democratic Party, he actively campaigned against Noriega's authoritarian rule and participated in opposition electoral efforts, which were often suppressed or annulled by the regime.

Why did Ricardo Arias Calderón resign from his Vice Presidency?

He resigned on December 17, 1992, citing his belief that the government had not made sufficient progress in addressing the fundamental needs and challenges faced by the Panamanian people following years of military rule and the devastating impact of the U.S. invasion.

What was Ricardo Arias Calderón's stance on the Panama Canal Expansion?

Ricardo Arias Calderón was a vocal supporter of the Panama Canal expansion project, recognizing its strategic importance for Panama's economic development and its role in global trade. This project was eventually completed in 2016.