Nichiren, founder of Nichiren Buddhism (d. 1282)

Nichiren: A Pivotal Figure in Japanese Buddhism

Nichiren (6 April 1222 – 13 October 1282) was a transformative Japanese Buddhist priest and philosopher who lived during the tumultuous Kamakura period (1185–1333). This era in Japan was marked by profound social upheaval, political instability, and a vibrant proliferation of new Buddhist schools, each seeking to offer salvation and guidance amidst the chaos. Nichiren's teachings emerged as a powerful, distinct voice, profoundly shaping the landscape of Japanese Buddhism.

The Lotus Sutra: The Sole Path to Enlightenment in the Age of Mappō

At the core of Nichiren's doctrine was his unequivocal declaration that the Lotus Sutra alone contains the complete and highest truth of Buddhist teachings. He believed this particular sutra was uniquely suited for the "Third Age of Buddhism," known as Mappō (末法), a period characterized by the decline of the Dharma, when traditional practices were thought to be less effective for achieving enlightenment.

Nichiren controversially insisted that the Sovereign of Japan and its people should exclusively support this form of Buddhism, advocating for the eradication of all other Buddhist schools and practices. This stance, known as shakubuku (折伏), involved refuting what he considered erroneous teachings and promoting the singular truth of the Lotus Sutra. His conviction stemmed from a belief that adopting the Lotus Sutra universally was essential for the peace and prosperity of the nation, protecting it from calamities.

Nam-myoho-renge-kyo: The Essential Practice for Universal Buddhahood

Nichiren prescribed the repeated recitation of the title of the Lotus Sutra, Nam(u)-myoho-renge-kyo (南無妙法蓮華経), as the sole and direct path to Buddhahood. This foundational practice, known as Daimoku, literally translates to "Devotion to the Mystic Law of the Lotus Sutra."

He taught that Shakyamuni Buddha, the historical Buddha, and all other Buddhist deities revered across various traditions, were extraordinary manifestations of a particular universal Buddha-nature. Nichiren termed this inherent life force "Myoho—Renge" (Mystic Law of the Lotus), emphasizing that this profound and transformative Buddha-nature is equally accessible to all beings, regardless of their background, status, or perceived spiritual aptitude. Through the recitation of Daimoku, individuals could awaken to and manifest this innate Buddhahood within themselves.

Furthermore, Nichiren declared that believers of the Lotus Sutra have a sacred duty to propagate its teachings, even in the face of intense persecution. This imperative was deeply rooted in his own life experiences, as he faced numerous exiles and attempted executions for his unyielding propagation efforts and critical stance against other established Buddhist schools and the government.

Nichiren's Legacy: Writings, Claims, and Posthumous Recognition

Nichiren was a prolific writer, and his comprehensive body of work, collectively known as the Gosho (御書), serves as the primary source for understanding his biography, temperament, and the complex evolution of his beliefs. These writings offer unique insights into his personal struggles, profound spiritual insights, and detailed expositions of his teachings, making them invaluable for Nichiren Buddhist practitioners today.

A significant aspect of Nichiren's self-understanding involved his claim to be the reincarnation of Jōgyō Bodhisattva (Visistacaritra), a bodhisattva entrusted by Shakyamuni Buddha in the Lotus Sutra to propagate its teachings in the Latter Day of the Law. After his death, Nichiren designated six senior disciples, yet the claims to successorship among these disciples became highly contested, leading to the eventual diversification of Nichiren's teachings into various schools.

Nichiren's profound impact was recognized posthumously through imperial decree. He was bestowed the revered title of Nichiren Dai-Bosatsu (日蓮大菩薩, Great Bodhisattva Nichiren) by Emperor Go-Kōgon in 1358. Centuries later, in 1922, the title Risshō Daishi (立正大師, Great Teacher of Correction) was conferred through an imperial edict by Emperor Taishō, further solidifying his revered status within Japanese history and Buddhism.

Modern Nichiren Buddhism: Diversity in Practice and Interpretation

Today, Nichiren Buddhism encompasses a diverse array of schools and movements, reflecting varying interpretations of his teachings and identity. These include traditional temple-based sects such as Nichiren-shū and Nichiren Shōshū, which originated directly from his disciples.

Additionally, numerous influential lay movements have emerged, often attracting large global followings. Prominent examples include:

• Soka Gakkai
• Risshō Kōsei Kai
• Reiyūkai
• Kenshōkai
• Honmon Butsuryū-shū
• Kempon Hokke
• Shōshinkai

Each of these groups maintains unique perspectives on Nichiren's teachings, with interpretations of his identity ranging from the rebirth of Bodhisattva Visistacaritra to him being revered as the Primordial or "True Buddha" (本仏, Honbutsu) of the Third Age of Buddhism. This vibrant diversity underscores the enduring and evolving influence of Nichiren's legacy across the globe.

Frequently Asked Questions about Nichiren and Nichiren Buddhism

Who was Nichiren?

Nichiren was a Japanese Buddhist priest and philosopher (1222–1282) who lived during the Kamakura period. He founded a distinct school of Buddhism centered on the Lotus Sutra, advocating for its exclusive practice as the path to enlightenment.

What is the core teaching of Nichiren Buddhism?

The core teaching is that the Lotus Sutra contains the ultimate truth of Buddhism, especially suited for the current age of Mappō. Nichiren taught that all people can attain Buddhahood by chanting Nam-myoho-renge-kyo.

What is Nam-myoho-renge-kyo?

Nam-myoho-renge-kyo is the fundamental chant (Daimoku) in Nichiren Buddhism, meaning "Devotion to the Mystic Law of the Lotus Sutra." It is believed to be the expression of the universal Buddha-nature inherent in all life and the primary practice for realizing one's innate Buddhahood.

What is the "Third Age of Buddhism" or Mappō?

Mappō (末法) is a concept in Mahayana Buddhism, particularly in East Asia, that describes the "Latter Day of the Law," a period believed to be the third and final age of the Dharma. During Mappō, it is thought that people are less capable of practicing Buddhism effectively through traditional methods, thus requiring a simpler, more direct path, which Nichiren identified as the Lotus Sutra.

What are some major schools of Nichiren Buddhism today?

Major schools include traditional temple sects like Nichiren-shū and Nichiren Shōshū, as well as large lay organizations such as Soka Gakkai, Risshō Kōsei Kai, and Reiyūkai. These groups, while all stemming from Nichiren's teachings, have different interpretations and practices.

What is the significance of the Gosho?

The Gosho refers to the collected writings of Nichiren. It serves as the authoritative scriptural foundation for Nichiren Buddhism, containing his letters, treatises, and sermons, which elaborate on his philosophy, interpretations of the Lotus Sutra, and guidance for practitioners.

What is the meaning of Nichiren's posthumous titles?

Nichiren was posthumously honored with two imperial titles: Nichiren Dai-Bosatsu (Great Bodhisattva Nichiren) conferred in 1358 and Risshō Daishi (Great Teacher of Correction) conferred in 1922. These titles recognize his profound spiritual stature and significant contributions to Japanese Buddhism.