In the vast tapestry of Chinese history, few figures shine with the brilliance and controversial power of **Wu Zetian** (武則天). Born Wu Zhao on February 17, 624, and passing away on December 16, 705, she was also known by the titles Wu Hou and, later in the Tang dynasty, Tian Hou. Her story is utterly unique: not only did she serve as the de facto ruler of the **Tang Dynasty** for an impressive 25 years—first as an empress consort to her husband, Emperor Gaozong, and then as an empress dowager to her sons, Emperors Zhongzong and Ruizong—but she also took the unprecedented step of establishing her own dynasty, the **Wu Zhou Dynasty**, ruling as empress regnant from 690 to 705. She remains the **only legitimate female sovereign** in the entire history of China, a feat that speaks volumes about her extraordinary ambition, intelligence, and political acumen.

The Ascent of an Empress: From Concubine to Co-Ruler

Wu Zhao’s journey to the pinnacle of power began conventionally enough for a woman of her era, yet her trajectory quickly diverged. She initially entered the imperial court as a concubine of Emperor Taizong. After his death, in a move that demonstrated remarkable strategic foresight and a keen understanding of court politics, she married his successor, Taizong’s ninth son, Emperor Gaozong. By 655, she had officially ascended to the rank of huanghou (皇后), or empress consort, the highest position among the emperor's wives. Even prior to securing this esteemed title, Wu Zhao had already amassed considerable political influence, and once empress, her control over the court rapidly solidified.

Empress Wu’s rise was not without fierce opposition. Upon her re-entry into Emperor Gaozong's harem, she found herself embroiled in a ruthless power struggle with Empress Wang and Consort Xiao for the emperor's affection and political sway. Through cunning and determination, she ultimately triumphed, leading to their expulsion and tragic demise. Her wedding to Gaozong in 655 marked a swift and unstoppable acceleration of her power. Described by historians as strong, charismatic, cunning, vengeful, ambitious, and exceptionally well-educated, Wu enjoyed the absolute devotion of her husband. During a period when the **Tang Empire** was at its zenith, she became the most powerful and influential woman at court. She often proved more decisive and proactive than Emperor Gaozong himself, leading many historians to regard her as the true power behind the throne for over two decades, until Gaozong's death.

Her full administrative authority began to manifest as early as November 660, when Emperor Gaozong suffered a debilitating stroke. Wu Zetian seamlessly stepped into the role of administrator of the court, a position that effectively granted her power equal to the emperor's. By January 665, her control was total. Historical records attest to her unparalleled influence: "She was at the helm of the country for long years, her power is no different from that of the emperor." Empress Wu not only presided over court alongside the emperor but also held court independently when Gaozong was unwell. A significant symbol of her authority was her charge of the **Heirloom Seal of the Realm**, signifying that her review and consent were mandatory for any document or order to gain legal validity. Gaozong himself routinely sought her views on all matters before issuing orders, and in his final years, due to his illness, he formally delegated his state responsibilities to her. These honors and privileges were unprecedented for any Chinese empress, before or after her reign.

Empress Regnant and the Wu Zhou Dynasty

Following Emperor Gaozong's death, Empress Wu, now as empress dowager and regent, consolidated her power absolutely and solely. She wielded her authority with even greater force and, at times, violence, suppressing both overt and covert opponents. Seven years later, in a move that shattered centuries of tradition, she seized the throne for herself, declaring the establishment of the **Wu Zhou Dynasty**. This momentous act made her the one and only **empress regnant** in China's long and storied history, a singular achievement that fundamentally challenged the patriarchal foundations of imperial rule.

A Legacy of Strong Governance and Expansion

Despite the controversies surrounding her rise and the ruthlessness she sometimes employed, Empress Wu is widely regarded as one of the greatest emperors in **Chinese history** due to her strong leadership and remarkably effective governance. Under her nearly 40-year reign (including her time as de facto ruler), China flourished. The empire grew larger, expanding its territorial limits far into Central Asia and engaging in a series of strategic wars on the Korean Peninsula—first allying with Silla against Goguryeo, and then confronting Silla over the occupation of former Goguryeo territory. Domestically, corruption within the court was significantly reduced, and the nation's culture and economy experienced a vibrant revitalization. China under Wu Zetian was recognized globally as one of the great powers of the world.

Her impact within China extended beyond just territorial expansion. Empress Wu implemented crucial social reforms, influencing class structures and extending state support to **Taoism**, **Buddhism**, education, and literature, fostering a period of intellectual and spiritual growth. To maintain a peaceful and well-governed state, she reformed the **imperial examination system**, emphasizing meritocracy and encouraging capable officials to serve in governance. She also established a sophisticated intelligence system, deploying spies throughout the court and empire to deliver daily reports on current affairs and potential opposition, ensuring tight control and informed decision-making.

Cultural Impact and Family Life

Empress Wu's influence was also monumental in the realm of art and architecture. She left an indelible mark on the magnificent statuary of the **Longmen Grottoes** and is associated with the enigmatic "Wordless Stele" at the **Qianling Mausoleum**. She also commissioned the construction of several major buildings and grand bronze castings, though many of these no longer survive today.

Beyond her demanding political career, Wu Zetian led an active family life. She was the mother of four sons, three of whom would eventually hold the title of emperor, though one received it posthumously. Her lineage continued to shape imperial history, as one of her grandsons would later become the renowned Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, whose reign is often considered a golden age.

Wu Zetian's indelible presence in history is also captured in cultural works, such as her depiction in the **Wu Shuang Pu** (無雙譜, Table of Peerless Heroes) by Jin Guliang, a testament to her legendary status. Her reign, though marked by fierce political struggle, ultimately forged a more powerful, prosperous, and culturally rich China, solidifying her place as a truly unique and transformative leader.

Frequently Asked Questions about Wu Zetian

Who was Wu Zetian?

Wu Zetian was the only legitimate female emperor in the history of China, who first ruled as an empress consort and dowager, and then as an empress regnant of her own Wu Zhou Dynasty.

When did Wu Zetian rule?

She was the de facto ruler of the Tang Dynasty from 665 to 690, and then reigned as empress regnant of the Wu Zhou Dynasty from 690 to 705.

What were Wu Zetian's other names?

She was born Wu Zhao and was also known as Wu Hou and, later in the Tang Dynasty, Tian Hou.

What were her major achievements?

Under her rule, China experienced significant territorial expansion, a reduction in court corruption, and a revitalization of its culture and economy. She reformed the imperial examination system, supported Buddhism and education, and established a strong intelligence network. Her reign is considered a golden age for China, making it one of the world's great powers.

How did Wu Zetian rise to power?

She began as a concubine to Emperor Taizong, then married his successor, Emperor Gaozong. Through her intelligence, charisma, and political acumen, she gradually gained immense influence, becoming co-ruler during Gaozong's illness, and eventually seizing the throne herself after his death.

What was the Wu Zhou Dynasty?

The Wu Zhou Dynasty was a short-lived dynasty established by Wu Zetian when she ascended the throne as empress regnant in 690, interrupting the Tang Dynasty. It lasted until 705, when the Tang Dynasty was restored.

What cultural impact did she have?

She made a monumental impact on the statuary of the Longmen Grottoes and is associated with the "Wordless Stele" at the Qianling Mausoleum. She also commissioned numerous major buildings and bronze castings.