Leo von Caprivi, German general and politician, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1899)

Georg Leo Graf von Caprivi de Caprara de Montecuccoli, more commonly known as Georg Leo von Caprivi, was a significant figure in late 19th-century German politics. Born on February 24, 1831, his full noble title, which translates to Count George Leo of Caprivi, Caprara, and Montecuccoli, underscored his aristocratic background. A decorated German general and astute statesman, Caprivi stepped into the demanding role of Chancellor of the German Empire in March 1890, succeeding the towering figure of Otto von Bismarck, and served until October 1894. His chancellorship marked a distinct shift in German policy, driven by Kaiser Wilhelm II's ambitious "new course."

Chancellor and the "New Course"

Upon taking office, Caprivi was tasked with steering Germany through a period of rapid industrialization and shifting international alliances, all under the watchful eye of a young and assertive Kaiser Wilhelm II. The "new course" aimed to modernize Germany's image and global standing, moving away from Bismarck's intricate system of alliances and domestic Realpolitik. Domestically, Caprivi championed industrial and commercial growth, believing in the power of an expanding economy. He initiated and concluded numerous bilateral treaties designed to reduce tariff barriers, a move intended to foster a more open and dynamic trade environment.

Domestic Policy and Its Challenges

Caprivi's shift towards free trade, however, was not universally welcomed. While it benefited emerging German industry and urban workers, it deeply alienated the powerful conservative agrarian interests, most notably the Junkers, who saw their protected agricultural markets threatened. This created significant domestic friction. Furthermore, Caprivi attempted to court the Catholic Centre Party by promising educational reforms that would enhance their influence, but these commitments ultimately remained unfulfilled, adding to his political difficulties.

Foreign Policy: A Perilous Shift

Perhaps the most criticized aspect of Caprivi's tenure was his foreign policy, particularly his departure from Bismarck's carefully constructed framework. Following the Kaiser's directive, Caprivi abandoned Bismarck's policy of military, economic, and ideological cooperation with the Russian Empire. This decision, which historians widely regard as a major strategic blunder, left Germany isolated and pushed Russia into the arms of other European powers. Compounding this, Caprivi reportedly misjudged multiple opportunities to cultivate stronger relations with Great Britain. Frustrated by Germany's perceived indifference, London increasingly looked elsewhere for alliances, eventually turning to Tokyo and Paris for crucial agreements, further isolating Germany on the international stage.

The End of an Era

Caprivi's downfall ultimately stemmed from the very trade agreements that were a cornerstone of his economic policy. While these agreements aimed to favor German industry and urban laborers, they came at the expense of the politically powerful agricultural interests. The mounting opposition from these groups, combined with the complexities of his foreign policy and unfulfilled domestic promises, proved too great to overcome. He resigned in October 1894.

Despite the challenges and criticisms, Caprivi's legacy is not without its commendable aspects. Historians widely praise his refusal to renew the harsh anti-socialist restrictions that had been a hallmark of Bismarck's era, a decision that signaled a more liberal approach to domestic dissent. Additionally, his success in reorganizing and modernizing the German military is often highlighted as a significant achievement of his time as Chancellor, ensuring Germany maintained a robust defense capability.